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Sympathizing also with the Chartists in demanding reforms in the interest of the working classes, he was branded a heretic and infidel, and assailed as an atheist by the respectable conservatives; and on the other hand, insisting that Christianity is the only true socialism, and the Church the only safe Commune, he was distrusted by the Chartists as only a partial convert. Wholly in accord with no one, either in religion, philanthropy, or politics, yet in an eminently Christian spirit seeking to do good to all, his mission seems to be best defined in his own statement, My vocation is with the discontented, wearied, hopeless, with all that are in debt and disgrace, with outcasts and ragmuffins in the different bodies." Yet while seemingly broad in his sympathies, and sincere in his efforts to convince men that the world's great need was union with God through Christ, he was not free from narrowness and at times intolerant bigotry. The Church of England was to him the only visible and divinely organized Church. His refusal to meet Quakers, Baptists and Independents on a common platform was because, as he stated it, "You fraternize on some other ground than that of our union in Christ and then you ask me to fraternize with you on that ground." "The Prayer Book," he said, "preaches a gospel to mankind which no dissenters and no infidels preach."

He was a man of great industry, and wonderful diversity of genius ; and like many other men of warm feeling, versatility, and constant mental effort, was vague in many of his expressions, more nice than exact in statement, his exuberant rhetoric often concealing instead of announcing his thought. He wrote wholly by dictation, his wife being his amanuensis. His habit in this was on the border of the ludicrous. is thus described:

It

"His usual manner of dictation was to sit with a pillow on his knees hugged tightly in his arms, or to walk up and down the room still clutching the pillow, or, suddenly sitting down or standing before the fire with the pillow still on his knees or under his left arm, to seize a poker and violently attack the fire, then to walk away from it to the furthest end of the room, return, and poke violently at the fire, not unfrequently in complete unconsciousness of what he was doing, poking the whole of the contents of the fireplace through the bars into the fender. The habit of holding the pillow whenever he was engaged in excited talk dated from such early days that one of his undergraduate Cambridge friends used to say that a black horse-hair pillow which he then had always followed him about of itself. My mother in the Guy's days used to call such a one his 'black wife.' All the while he poured forth a continuous stream of words. When, however, he took into his own hands, for looking over and correction, a passage which he had either written or dictated, the chances were very strong that half at least of it would be torn out, or erased and rewitten. All his manuscript is full of verbal corrections, erasures and rewritings on each separate page, and whole sections of each of the MS. books are torn completely out. He never could be satisfied with the expression he had given to the thoughts he wished his words to convey."

Strong in his devotional feelings, he was a man of almost constant prayer often, says his sister, spending the whole night in communion with God, and never, his wife testifies, beginning any work without seeking preparation in prayer. Often, too, pausing in his work to implore divine guidance, he seemed to live in the very atmosphere of heaven. And so, too, he died, his last act and words being the imparting of a benediction: "Suddenly he seemed to make a great effort to gather himself up, and after a pause he said slowly and distinctly, "The knowledge of the love of God, the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you-amongst us and remain with us forever.' He never spoke again. In one instant all consciousness was gone, and when I looked up and called him he did not know me. Then, as the breathing became more and more labored, and at last ceased, there gradually settled down upon the face a look of calmness, beauty, triumph, which remained on it for many hours."

ARTICLE XXVI.

The Jew-From the Maccabees to Christ.

PART III.

SIXTY years after its overthrow by Titus, in A. D. 132, above the ashes of Jerusalem, to the amazement of the wrathful Roman who had deemed him quashed forever, under lead of Bar-co-chab, Son of a Star, most dazzling of his many later Messiahs, for independence and nationality once more fiercely struck, and finally fell, the Jew. Himself overwhelmed, and the site of his City passed under the plough, never since, for Judea, has he raised hand of war again. And ninety years after that catastrophe, rid for a while of his dream of Messianic sovereignty, broken and weary, under patronage of Alexander Severus he was glad to subside into a peaceful, practical, and industrious citizen of the world.

But, the while, away from Rome, away from Jerusalem, and before its siege by Titus, the individual Jew, keeping close in thought and heart, always, his country and religion, was biasing towards both, the destinies of Princes.

Beyond Euphrates, a district of Old Persia, was Adiabené. Its religion, likely, was that of Zoroaster. But, converts of a Jew, Ananias, its Queen, Helena, and her son, Izates, went over to Judaism (A.D. 44-46). She made pilgrimage to Jerusalem. And, against the prudence of even Ananias, Izates clamored for circumcision, and secured it.

Judea was faint with famine. Quick to her need came corn from Alexandria, from Cyprus, fruits, and gold from Adiabené. For, in the zeal of their new faith, Queen and Prince had hurried abundance to the destitution of Judea.

In death, as in life, to round the Judaism of mother and son, one thing more was needed, was claimed, was accorded. And the bodies of both obtained burial in the sacred dust of 1 Milman's History of the Jews, ii. 440, Note 4. 25

NEW SERIES. VOL. XXI.

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Jerusalem.2 Dramatic throughout, at its close the episode gathers itself up into a final scene before the curtain falls.

After a reign of four-and-twenty years, Izates dies. In besieged Jerusalem (A.D. 70), for their adopted faith his “sons and brothers" struggle against Rome to the last. At the downfall, spared with grudge by Titus, they were "bound and conducted to" the Capital, there doubtless, in the long line of the vanquished, to pace in the pageant of the conqueror. Ends thus in defeat and dolor at Rome, the stir of the conversion of Queen Helena and King Izates, at first promising so cheerily for the spread of Judaism in Asia.

Before the Roman conquest of Judea, as in Adiabené, so everywhere, nor anywhere more responsively than at Rome, on the springs of public movement was felt the touch of the Jew. Two Jewish traders convert Helena and Izates to Judaism, save Judea from famine, and involve the royal house of Adiabené in the doom of Jerusalem. And about the time when, on their small scale, in fervor for their faith, these traders were slanting towards it and its fortunes the politics of the East, another sort of Jew, loyal to the outwards, but caring not a doit for the spiritualities of his religion, was bustling, and to purpose, round the centre of human affairs upon the metropolitan theatre of the world.

Vassal of Rome, and King of Judea, was Agrippa the 1st. To this grandson of Herod the Great, from boyhood to death, with pathetic affection clung Rome's demented Emperor, Caius Caligula (A.D. 37-41). Under Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) the boys were brought up together. And, 'mid his maddest crazes, never faltered the affection of Devotedly was it returned by the Jew. and sleepless eye of Tiberius, both Agrippa to his young patron, "Oh, that this old fellow would die, and name thee governor of the habitable earth." Tattled to Tiberius, the "constructive treason" shut dungeon doors on Agrippa, and for a perilous six months laid him in irons,* death daily shaking finger at him.

2 Josephus' Antiquities, XX. ii. 8, 5; iv. 3.

Caligula for Agrippa. Under the suspicious lads afret, once said

3 Josephus' War, B vi.,'C vi. 4. 4 Josephus' Antiquities, XVIII. vi. 6, 7, 10.

Become Emperor, Caligula ordered his statue to be set up in the Holy of Holies in the Jewish Temple, and the Temple to be dedicated to himself as Jupiter the Younger.5 The edict was peremptory. Petronius, prefect of Syria, was to enforce it if necessary by arms. Besides auxiliaries, two legions were appointed him for the purpose. So enforced, Petronius recognized the command of Caligula as a slogan of massacre for all Judea. He paused. He shrank from the extermination of a whole people. Aghast at the impending profanation, prone on earth before him crowds of thousands bared their throats, and bade all his swords come on. Nowhere whisper of rebellion; everywhere, for forty days, despair. No war against the Emperor, no war, was the cry, but rather than his statue have place where dares not one rise even to Jehovah, for ourselves, death. Till cameanswer to his deprecations to Rome, his life and theirs dangling on the caprice of an omnipotent madman, terrible the suspense of Petronius, and, at the probable compulsion of the sacrilege, terrible the agony of the Jews. Caligula heed the cautions of Petronius! From the pale face of Jerusalem fixed on his, Caligula recoil! Rather than word of his go void, perish Jerusalem, perish the universe. To withstand the fiat of "Jupiter the Younger," who were these Jews? temptibles, unable to perceive him a god. And Petronius, their advocate, sycophant, hireling, corrupted by their bribes, was bidden kill himself.6

Con

In honor of Caligula, Agrippa gave a banquet, a banquet so gorgeous as to transcend the exacting fancy of even Calig ula. Exhilarated by its splendors, all in grace to him, as Agrippa drank to him, Caligula recalled the six months' dungeon with its daily terrors, and the iron chain that Agrippa had brooked for love of him, and the tiger in him grew ten5 Milman's History of the Jews, ii. 151.

6 Command customary with the bad Emperors, and always obeyed. "Hardly in one instance did the fallen attempt to fly." De Quincey's Cæsars, 21. Petronius escaped, for before the sentence notice reached him of the death of Caligula.

7 Instead, Caligula gave him one of equal weight in gold, afterwards dedicated by Agrippa in the Temple.

der and purred, O Agrippa, ask some boon of me, and be it a large one; I would show gratitude for what thou hast done, and what, endured, for me; ask whatever thou wilt, and already thou hast it. Then outspoke, nor unworthily, the semi son of the Maccabees. Nothing for myself, "oh my lord," crowned as already am I with thy favors; nothing for myself; but "my petition is this, that thou wilt no longer think of the dedication of that statue which thou hast ordered to be set up in the Temple by Petronius."

To thrust that statue into the Holy of Holies, so to defy its invisible Jehovah, was, just then, the pet craze dancing in the whirling brain of Caligula. Despite earth and heaven, up in that sanctuary that image of himself should go. So round the Roman world had rung the word of Cæsar. And what, who, should balk it? Himself, in affection for Agrippa. And prompt to pledge of cup and word, in homage to his friend, down, perhaps through struggle, but down, went the rage, and the purpose, of Caligula. "As a favor to Agrippa," said he, Agrippa, whom he honored so highly that he could deny him nothing, he revoked his edict, and wrote Petronius that he had "now no occasion for the erection of that statue," bidding him let things bide as they were.

Tyrant, homicide, murderer, poisoner was Caligula, burdened rightly, perhaps, with the odium of all the atrocities the maledictions of history have heaped on him. Yet at first, was he the "chick," "star," "darling," "bantling," of the populace of Rome. "By his elevation he fulfilled the wish of the Roman people; I may venture to say, of all mankind." But in mind and body throughout was he unsound. As boy, he had fits of the falling sickness. And as man, in a love philtre unintentionally poisoned by his wife, he shot into chronic madness. At times, with a delirious consciousness of his disorder, he would fain have retired from Empire to repose. In the day time he had private conferences with Jupiter. At night, he was tormented with sleeplessness, sign signal of his malady. After restless slum8 Josephus' Antiquities, XXIII. viii. 9 Suetonius' Caligula, XIII.

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