slightly tilt their mortar-boards to the right for quarter-cock; the next Sunday they tilt them a little further for half-cock; the third Sunday they are over the right ear for threequarter cock; and the last Sunday of the term they carry them in their hands. The origin of the quaint custom I have not yet discovered; but at the rear of the school buildings there still remains an old cockpit, which is the recognized arena for the settlement of disputes amongst the boys. ALEX. INGLIS. Stockton-on-Tees. I can confirm the schoolboy habit of terming the last Sunday of the term Cockhat Sunday. I was at school many years ago at Isleworth, and not only did we cock our hats in going to church, but we further dubbed the day Drown-the-Choir Sunday, because on that day (and that day only, I fear) the rank-and-file of the school in deafening chorus outsang the choir, and had things practically their own way. I feel bound to add that our rector at the time fully entered into the spirit of the thing, and always gave us some specially stirring and easily remembered hymn, such as "Jerusalem the Golden or "Onward, Christian soldiers." The effect was stupendous. During the rest of the term we were vainly exhorted to "sing out and join the choir in making your voices heard." Is Drown-the-Choir Sunday common elsewhere? FRANK SCHLOESSER. 15, Grosvenor Road, Westminster. VOWELS ON MONUMENT (10th S. v. 169, 374). -Capelli's 'Dizionario di Abbreviature' reads Austria est imperator orbis universi," and states that this is the Austrian motto. The Latinity of this is possibly better than Mr. Collins's, but does not strike me favourably. In the absence of a definite connexion of the Petre family with Austria (as to which I know nothing), I venture to suggest that an ignorant stone cutter has made the five English vowels do duty for the Greek de, "for ever," followed by a and w. Q. V. "BROWN BESS AS APPLIED TO A MUSKET (10th S. v. 21, 91, 154).-MR. DALTON'S note, though full of ingenious conjecture, and indeed of valuable information as regards cast-iron ordnance, does nothing to elucidate the origin of "Brown Bess" as applied to a musket. He says, "It must, therefore, be taken for granted that the gunfounders to Queen Elizabeth and King James cast musketbarrels as well as large ordnance"; but musket barrels were never cast in the foundry, but forged in the smith's shop. The two barrels mentioned by Viscount Dillon were obviously wrought, as they are described as being stamped, one with a crown, and the other with a device resembling a bird, since cast iron will not receive the impression of a stamp, being too hard, so that these barrels must have been wrought by the smith. To establish his position, MR. DALTON should produce satisfactory evidence of the actual use of "Brown Bess" in the time of Elizabeth or James I. R. B. P. TRAVELLING IN ENGLAND, 1600-1700 (10th S. v. 348).-For routes and distances see John Ogilby's Britannia; or, an Illustration of the Kingdom,' &c., 1675; The Traveller's Guide,' 1699; and the more familiar Britannia Depicta.' In this connexion it is worth noting that at Garraway's, 23 November, 1691, there was a "General Sale of the remainder of Mr. Ogilby's Books, Maps, Roads, &c." (London Gazette, No. 2714). For general information on posts, postmasters, horses, condition of roads, &c, a very large number of works could be consulted, amongst others 'Early Carriages and Roads.' by Sir Walter Gilbey; 'Early History of the Post Office,' by J. W. Hyde; and Her Majesty's Mails,' by William Lewins. I extract the following from some notes by Sir Henry Ellis : for in public-houses, which hardly ever is the case nowadays. This vessel was of copper -an ale-warmer, though the common name for the article was "the devil." This "devil" now only hangs on the walls of inns as a relic of bygone times, because, I am told, not only are hot ales less asked for, but landlords and landladies are averse to the trouble of making such drinks. THOS. RATCLIFFE. Worksop. Halliwell, in his 'Dictionary,' defines "dog's nose" as a cordial used in low life, composed of warm porter, moist sugar, gin, and nutmeg." In all likelihood it is the same as used to be called in Cheshire "fettle porter," which was a favourite beverage drunk in winter after skating, or in wet weather. "Fettle" is a term used in that county for preparing or setting in order. In 'The Old Curiosity Shop,' chap. xviii., Dickens describes its preparation at 66 The Jolly Sandboys," a comfortable roadside inn, whose kitchen is graphically drawn : "Then said Mr. Codlin, 'Fetch me a pint of warm ale, and don't let anybody bring into the room even so much as a biscuit till the time arrives.' Nodding his approval of this decisive and manly course of procedure, the landlord retired to draw the beer, and, presently returning with it, applied himself to warm the same in a small tin vessel shaped funnel-wise for the convenience of sticking it far down in the fire, and getting at the bright places. This was soon done, and he handed it over to Mr. Codlin with that creamy froth upon the surface which is one of the happy circumstances attendant upon mulled malt." JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. PROVINCIAL BOOKSELLERS (10th S. v. 141, 183, 242, 297, 351).-I should like to make the following addition to W. C. B.'s valuable list: Salisbury.-J. Hodson & Co., 1773. ARIEL (10th S. v. 249, 298).-I had good reason for choosing Beelzebub and Vishnu as examples, though I do not seem to have made this clear in my answer. The devil and the deity became actually women, in substance as well as in form. As an instance of a deity that changed his shape only, I may mention Vertumnus. He appeared in the form of an old woman to Pomona, but he did not change his sex. E. YARDLEY. spirit Ariel of The Tempest' is of the We may, I think, fairly conclude that the masculine type, inasmuch as, like Caliban, this spirit is an attribute of the masculine character Prospero, who, in the same column of the First Folio, addresses Ariel as "my diligence," and says of Caliban (=animal nature), "This King of darknesse I Acknowledge mine." A. J. WILLIAMS. In reference to MR. PLATT'S answer about Ariel, I beg to remind him that Ziska is an abbreviation of Franziska, a well-known name amongst German girls. " S. BIRNBAUM, Shakspere seems to have used Ariel as equivalent to aerial, 'a spirit of the air." In Hebrew it may equate "leonine"; thus David had three mighty men of his bodyguard, Benaiah, their captain and commander, being a good fourth. Now this Benaiah slew two Ariels of Moab (2 Sam. xxiii. 20); and it is a wonderful curiosity of literature to find this exploit capped by the Moabite Stone, where "Mesha carried off from Ataroth the Ariel of David, and disembowelled them before Chemosh." This parallel seems too exact to be accidental. A. HALL. CHEYNE WALK: CHINA WALK (10th S. v. 245, 312, 375).-In giving the etymology of Cheyne I did not commit myself to any statement of locality. It is now perfectly Bucks. This is merely an English plural form, meaning "oak groves"; and its singular represents (as I said) the word which Cotgrave spells chesnaye. The continental French noted in The Century Dictionary of Names.' spelling is Quesnoy; two such places are At Winchester the succession of the book-clear that the name is due to Cheneys in sellers and printers to the College during the last 150 years or thereabouts has been :1760. T. [probably Thomas] Burdon. 1773-1801. J. [John] Burdon. 1801-24. James Robbins. 1824-44. [James] Robbins & Wheeler. [Mr. Robbins 1866-90. J. [Joseph] Wells. [He died on 17 July, 1890, aged 68.] 1891. [His sons] P. [Philip] & G. [George] Wells. [Mr. G. Wells died on 14 December, 1905.] H. C. I demur to the statement that de Casineto, or de Quercineto, signifies the oak; for it salictum means a willow-grove, and not a certainly signifies an oak - grove, just as willow. Further, the forms casineto.cent quercineto are wholly different altaripa, nected. Casinetum is allied twas of noble Norman ConLatin casnus, an oak (Ducans of Normandy *quercinetum is an imaginary fole of Roan, and I presume that no old authority has ever There is a street here close to my house Lancaster. GOETHE: "BELLS, BUGS, AND CHRISTIANITY" (10th S. v. 270).-Goethe's authorship of the remark attributed to him by his French critic seems very improbable. It conflicts, at all events, with much that is said in the poet's Autobiography' (Dichtung und Wahrheit). The whole trend of Goethe's religious opinion, as set forth in the 'Autobiography, is far from suggestive of the statement referred to, and this may be looked upon as significant. But a few examples which are particularly pertinent may be given. passages of the Autobiography. In the eighth book of this narrative he writes thus: "I experienced a great influence from an important work that fell into my hands; it was Arnold's History of the Church and of Heretics.' This man is not merely a reflective historian, but at the same time pious and feeling. His sentiments chimed in very well with mine......" Again, he speaks in the twelfth book of his study of the New Testament, and of the "love and esteem" with which he carried on his inquiries. W. B. IRISH BOG BUTTER (10th S. v. 308, 353).— There is no need for any "hypothesis" in connexion with bog butter. It is not at all uncommon, nor is it really of any great interest. It is generally found in kegs or firkins of ancient manufacture, though in some cases it has been found wrapped in a kind of coarse cloth, which quickly crumbles away when exposed to the air. Occasionally, as was apparently the case with some found recently in Kerry, the covering has butter, in the kegs in which it was found, entirely disappeared. Specimens of the may be seen in the National Museum in Dublin. in Ireland' (Journal of the Kilkenny and The following extract from Dineley's 'Tour South-East of Ireland Archæological Society, 1856-7, p. 186) records the practice of burying butter in Charles II.'s time : "Dyet generally of the vulgar Irish are......Butter layd up in wicker basketts, mixed with store of [blank in original], a sort of garlick, and buried for some time in a bog, to make a provision of an high tast for Lent." Sir William Petty, in his 'Political Anatomy of Ireland,' also makes mention of "butter made rancid by keeping in bogs.". In disproof of the genuineness of the story about the bust of Jupiter, there may be mentioned Goethe's amusing account of Prof. Clodius's hostile criticism of his early enthusiasm for classical mythology (D. u. W.,' The kegs, however, in which it is generally vii.). The subject of Clodius's criticism was found are of a very early date, and it may an ode by the young poet in honour of his be a matter for conjecture whether the uncle's marriage; for the personages of this reasons for their burial were the same as in piece, the author himself says, he had "con- Dineley's time. We shall, at any rate, be vened all Olympus." The condemnation by safe in assuming that it certainly was not Clodius of the peculiar artistic means em-lost on the way to market," as is suggested ployed was very effectual. Goethe writes:- by MR. DORMER. H. J. B. CLEMENTS. "Yet since his critique, when I took his point of Killadoon, Celbridge, co. Kildare. view, seemed to be perfectly just, and those divinities more nearly inspected were in fact only hollow shadow-forms, I cursed all Olympus, flung the whole mythic Pantheon away, and from that time Amor and Luna have been the only divinities which at all appear in my little poems.' -- AXHOLME PRIORY (10th S. v. 328, 373).There was no priory of this_name; but in the Isle of Axholme were Eppeworth (or Epworth) and Hyrst Priories, particulars of which I can supply to MR. MONTFORT. JOHN A. RANDOLPH. 129, Alexandra Road, Wimbledon. This does not flatly contradict the story of ann gilded bust, but certainly invalidates taken fo Queen Elizabe's actual religious attitude RAMSGATE CHRISTMAS PROCESSION (10th S. barrels as welas is described in the sentence v. 208, 374).-A custom somewhat akin to ket barrels w T. J. may be judged from two the Ramsgate Hodening is the practice at Lancaster. "The Padstow May Songs," which will be by an author whose pseudonym was Horace found described by the late Mr. G. C. Boase Guilford, as 'Manorial Archives' and on p. 5 of vol. vii. of The Western Antiquary.Legends of the Wards of London.' The T. CANN HUGHES, M.A., F.S.A. four volumes were reissued by Thomas Tegg & Son, Cheapside, in 1840, the titlepages bearing the words, "Illustrated by numerous engravings by Mr. S. Williams, &c." JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. KIPLING OBSCURITIES (10th S. v. 389).-1. 'Mandalay ': And the dawn comes up like thunder. In the tropics the dawn comes up suddenly. At that instant, Turks greet it with the bugle-call from which their hours count-at Mocha or Jedda, for example-and British with "gun-fire," as at Aden. Is the reference to the heavy and reverberating daylight shot? Compare 'Greater Britain': The fragrant, dewy grove We'll wander through, till gun-fire bids us part. "Gun-fire" is used also for the evening gun, but in the "serenade" the reference is to a meeting of lovers by night. K. O. M. HOLY BRITONS (10th S. v. 308)-A note of mine in a paper published in the Journal of the British Archæological Association, about 1890, on 'Marriage in Celtic Britain,' may be of some contributory interest apropos of this query: Britain seems to have become the 'heavenly Island,' and the Paradise of the Celts, simply because it was the safest place to guard their religion, their greatest treasure; just as in the case of a siege, valuables would be placed in the remotest place of safety, or where it would the least occur to the besiegers to look for them. Hence the Holy Island appears to have been shifted from one place to another: first Britain, then Mona, then Ireland, according to the encroachments of the stranger upon their territory. This doubtless accounts for the preservation in such numbers of the Irish MSS.; and would not this also explain the unaccountedfor circumstance of the Gauls sending their children to Britain for Druidic education?" J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. SIXTEEN BISHOPS CONSECRATED AT ONE TIME (10th S. v. 347).—In all other accounts of the ceremony recorded by MR. HIBGAME the number of the bishops is given as fourteen. Perhaps there is a misprint here. E. S. DODGSON. SAMUEL WILLIAMS, DRAUGHTSMAN (10th S. v. 109, 312). This artist, on the authority of Ottley's 'Dictionary of Recent and Living Painters,' 1875, was born at Colchester in 1798, died in 1853, and was skilled both in drawing and engraving on wood. He illus. trated Howitt's Visits to Remarkable Places,' published originally in 1839, and The Parterre, a sixpenny monthly magazine, started in 1836 It was issued by Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, ran for two years, and contained many interesting narratives ABBEY OR PRIORY (10th S. v. 327, 378).-The correspondents who have taken pains to rectify the status of particular priories appear to be unaware, not only that the error is very widespread, if not, indeed, general, but also that it is not by any means a merely modern lapse. Strange to say, it was very common even before the Reformation. Mr. W. Stevenson, the high authority on Notts history, in 'Bygone Nottinghamshire,' 1893, p. 184, truthfully says: "It is a curious fact that for some hundreds of years nearly every allusion to the old priory appears as Lenton Abbey. This was the case all over the county. Newstead Abbey, Worksop Abbey, and Blyth Abbey were and are everyday terms, but the fact remains they were merely priories." A. STAPLETON. 158, Noel Street, Nottingham. HAWTREY (10th S. v. 348).-A good account of this name is given in Lower's Patronymica Britannica,' 1860. The family were in Sussex in Norman times, and their name was derived from their residence on a high bank or shore, Norman French haulte-rive, and hence the Latinization De Alta Ripa, modified on the one hand to Dawtrey, Daughtry, Daltree, Daltry, Daltrey, on the other hand to Hawtrey and Haultrey. Compare Leland's 'Itinerary,' edition of 1744, vol. vi. p. 28: "There be buried also yn Petworth Chyrch certein of the Dautereis, whos Names in Latine be there wryten de alta ripa." JAS. PLATT, Jun. In a review of 'The History of the Hawtrey Family,' by Miss F. M. Hawtrey (1903), The Ancestor (xii. 99) says:— 'Dauterive' in Switzerland, from Brabant......and "They seem to have brought their name from from Normandy......These are origins enough, and we cannot wonder that Miss Hawtrey considers a fourth derivation of the name 'from the river Arun' a superfluity." And in The Ancestor (xi. 191) reference is made to a seventeenth-century pedigree : The Genealogie and Pedigree of the auncient familie of Hawtrey (written in latine de Alltaripa, estimation in Normandie before the Norman Conand in some Records called Dawtrey) was of noble quest, as appeareth in the History of Normandy written by Ordericus Vitalis, a Monke of Roan, and it is to be noted yt those of Lincolnshire, written in their latine deeds de Altaripa, tooke y name of Hawtrey, planting themselves in Buckinghamshire by reason of ye inheritance that came by ye match with the daughter and heire of the auntient Familie s'named Checkers, whose seat so called in yo parish of Ellesborow," &c. A. R. BAYLEY. Your Toronto correspondent will find observations as to the probable derivation of the name Hawtrey in F. St. J. Thackeray's Memoir of Dr. Hawtrey' (formerly Provost of Eton). Mr. Thackeray, after saying that the name is "generally regarded as a corruption of Haute Rive, Latin De Altâ Ripâ," and quoting references to Alta Ripa, near Alençon, from Ordericus Vitalis, states (pp. 6-10) that from Sir William De Altâ Ripâ, of Algarkirk, in South Lincolnshire, who "moved southwards about 1260," was descended Hawtrey, the Provost of Eton. SOPHIA CREEPER. [The REV. W. D. MACRAY also refers to De Alta Ripa, and ST. SWITHIN to Lower.] DOVER PIER (10th S. iv. 387, 451, 491).-In The East Anglian Daily Times, 12 May, there is an extract from the Southwold parish registers, wherein it is said that— "In a Chantry Certificate (1548) the yearly value is stated to be 6l. 13s. 4d., which was expended as follows: 66 6 To the mayntenace of the piers and jeits of ye same town xiii. iiij., and so remayneth to thuse of the stipendarie prieste, which is converted to the maytenance of the towne and paymente of the taxe, vi.li. 646 Md. That yt is to be considered that the seid towne of Southwolde is a poore towne, where uppon the sea lyeth, beating dayly, to the greate ruyne and distruccon of the seid towne, if that the power and vyolence of the same werr not broken by the mayntenance of the jetties and peyres thear, and that the mayntenance of the haven and bridge of the same towne is lykewyse very chargiable.' Perhaps a search in the town records would give a much earlier use of the word pier. R. J. FYNMORE. The rope with which Palmer was hung was made by a ropemaker of the name of Coates, who is also a porter at the Stafford Station. All the men employed at the station had a hand in making it; and Coates, having an eye to the main chance, made thirty yards, cut the surplus length into small pieces of about two or three inches, and hawked them about Stafford. In one instance, half-a-crown was obtained for about two inches.". P. 113. An allusion to a gruesome passage in 'Ten Thousand a Year' may prove illustrativean account of a picture at Alibi House, the seat of Mr. Quirk, the head of the firm of Quirk, Gammon & Snap. The picture, with a curtain of black gauze hung before it, represents a man suspended from the gallows. "This is a very beautiful picture, Mr. Titmouse, isn't it?" said Gammon. In Miss Quirk's album is exhibited to the guests an autograph letter from "Arthur Grizzlegut, by which executed for high treason," pseudonym Thistlewood is intended, hanged in 1820. I have seen small pieces of the Atlantic Cable treasured in this manner as JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. relics. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. در When I was travelling from Norwich to London some twenty years ago a man in the same railway carriage surprised us all very much by producing about a foot of rope, which he informed us he had purchased from the hangman that morning, after an execution at Norwich. I believe a representation was made to the Home Office on this occa sion, and the practice was stopped. Marwood, if I remember aright, was the executioner. FREDERICK T. HIBGAME. BOOKSELLER'S MOTTO (10th S. v. 208, 255).— At Little Bradley, Suffolk, the memorial brass to John Daye, printer, who died 1584, has two riming stanzas, the first of which puns on his name. Mr. Farrer, in his 'Suffolk Brasses,' 1903, refers to Gent. Mag., cii. (1832) pt. ii. p. 417. Here lies the Daye that darknes could not blynd when popish fogges had over cast the sunne This Daye the cruell night did leave behynd, to view and shew what bloudi Actes were donne he set a Fox to wright how Martyrs runne by death to lyfe: Fox ventur'd paynes and health: to give them light Daye spent in print his wealth. Mr. Swinburne's charming sonnet on John Day the dramatist (Tristram of Lyonesse,' 1884, p. 291) etherealizes the same device :Day was a full-blown flower in heaven...... Our mightiest age let fall its gentlest word, when Song, in semblance of a sweet small bird, lit fluttering on the light swift hand of Day. H. K. ST. J. S. MACAULAY'S "NEW ZEALANDER" (10th S. v. 344).-The foundation- stone of old Blackfriars Bridge was laid in 1760, and no one could have thought in 1745 of a person sitting on its broken arches. Macaulay's reference was to London Bridge, which would also have been reasonable at the earlier date. Blackheath. W. T. LYNN. |