author, attacked Capperonnier, who answered his objections with temperate and sound reasoning. In 1719 he published Apologie de Sophocle, a pamphlet, 8vo, in answer to some objections of Voltaire to the Edipus. He died at Paris in 1744. Among various works which he left for the press were an edition of the Antiqui Rhetores Latini, with notes and illustrations, published at Strasburg in 1756, 4to; and Philological Observations on Greek and Latin Authors, which would amount to several volumes in 4to. He also completed a treatise on the ancient pronunciation of the Greek language, and made great additions and corrections to Stephens's Latin Thesaurus. His observations on Gedoyn's translation of Quintilian were published by John Augustine Capperonnier in 1803, Barbou, Paris, in 4 vols, 12mo.

CAPPERONNIER, (John,) nephew of the preceding, was born at MontDidier in 1716, and educated at Amiens. He was made a member of the Academy of Inscriptions; professor of Greek in the Royal College, to which he succeeded on his uncle's death; and librarian to the king, in the room of Sallier. He published an edition of Joinville's History of St. Louis, Paris, 1761, folio. An edition of Anacreon, 1748, 12mo. Cæsaris Opera, Paris, Barbou, 1754, 2 vols, 12mo. Plautus, with a glossary, by Valart, 1759, 3 vols, 12mo. Sophocles, prepared by our author, but published after his death by Vauvilliers, Paris, 1781, 2 vols, 4to. From a transcript made by him of a MS. of the Lexicon of Timæus, Ruhnken published his edition of that work. Capperonnier also assisted Wesseling in his edition of Herodotus, and likewise contributed various papers to the Academy of Inscriptions. He died in 1775.

CAPPONI, (Gino,) one of the earliest magistrates of the Florentine republic. He flourished at the close of the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and wrote an account of the revolution that took place at Florence, in 1378, of the events of which he was an eye-witness. He was a brave soldier, and contributed greatly by his address and gallantry, in 1406, to the conquest of Pisa, of which he was afterwards appointed governor. He died in 1420. His narrative of the revolution at Florence is inserted by Muratori in his Collection. In the same work will be found an account of the administration of Neri Capponi, son of the preceding, who was, like his father, a statesman and a soldier,

and gained a brilliant victory over Nicolo Piccanino, at Anghieri, in 1440.

CAPPONI, (Pietro,) grandson of the preceding, and, like all his ancestors, fulfilling the most important offices of the republic, has acquired a great celebrity by the intrepidity with which he opposed the pretensions of Charles VIII. king of France, who, because he had been allowed, on his way to Naples, to pass through Florence, which he entered at the head of his troops and with the lance in his hand, claimed to have acquired its sovereignty. Accordingly, having directed his secretary to read before the magistrates, at a meeting where he was present, the ultimatum of his resolutions, the conditions of which affected the liberty and dignity of Florence, Capponi snatched and tore the paper, and, saying to the astonished king, "Before we condescend to such dishonourable conditions, you may order your trumpets to sound, and we shall ring our bells," he left the room, followed by all the magistrates. Such intrepidity produced the desired effect. Charles thought that Capponi would never have dared to make use of this language without being sure of his power, and, calling him back, he reduced his pretensions. A treaty was soon signed, and he went on to Naples. Capponi was killed by a shot, in 1496, at the attack of Sciano, a small castle situated in the mountains of Pisa.

CAPPONI, (Gregorio Alessandro, marquis,) a celebrated antiquarian, born at Rome, about the close of the seventeenth century. Such were his taste and knowledge of the ancient monuments of art, that he was appointed by pope Clement XII. to arrange the sculptures, bassi-rilievi, inscriptions, busts, and other remains of antiquity that form the magnificent collection in the Museum of the Capitol. The mode in which the whole is arranged attests at once the taste and learning of Capponi. He possessed himself a noble collection of antique cameos, medals, and coins, and a choice and extensive library. He died at Rome, in 1746.

CAPRANICA, (Domenico,) a very learned Italian ecclesiastic, born at Rome, in 1400. He acquired great reputation by his learning, which induced pope Martin V. to make him his clerk of the chamber, then his secretary, and, after having employed him in several difficult commissions, both civil and military, made him bishop of Fermo, governor of the duchy of Spoleto, and secretly

nominated him cardinal. Martin, how ever, dying before he had declared this appointment, the cardinals refused to admit him to the conclave, and pope Eugenius IV. not only refused to recognise Capranica, but, in consequence of some malignant representations, despoiled him of his property, and would have imprisoned him, had he not made his escape to Philip Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, who sent him to the council of Basle, where he established his right to the purple; and Eugenius, who, much against his inclination, was at that time compelled to declare him a cardinal, became at last aware of his merit, and, deputing him as his legate to the Marca d'Ancona, gave him the command of the army destined to defend that province against Francis Sforza. In the battle which soon after took place, the pontifical army was routed, and Capranica, being wounded, escaped with great difficulty. He was afterwards employed in important negotiations by Eugenius and the two succeeding popes, and obtained great credit by putting an end to the domestic dissensions of the Genoese, and settling the peace between the Church and Alphonso, king of Naples. He died in 1458, leaving a great reputation for learning in all its departments, to the acquisition of which he never allowed a day to pass without dedicating some time. He ordered that after his death his palace should be made a college for the maintenance of students; for which purpose he assigned liberal funds, and bequeathed his large library. His brother, cardinal Angelo, however, kept the palace, but built near it a college much more magnificent, which still subsists, bearing the name of the founder. Of his works, the only one which has been printed is the treatise Dell' Arte di ben Morire, which was published at Florence, in 1487, and which seems to have escaped the notice of the writers of the French Biography.

CAPRARA, (Alberto, count of,) chamberlain of the emperor Leopold, and nephew of the celebrated general Piccolomini, was born at Bologna, in 1631. In his youth he entered the Austrian army, and made forty-four campaigns, during which he was once, and once only, beaten by Turenne. He distinguished himself greatly during the campaign of 1685, against the Turks, when he took by assault the city of Neuhausel, laid siege to Tekel, obliged the enemy to raise the siege of Titus, and almost destroyed their army when they attempted

to enter Buda. Being as great a statesman as he was a soldier, he was, in 1682 and 1685, employed as ambassador to the Porte, as he had before been to the Low Countries, at the conclusion of the treaty of Nimeguen. He died at Vienna, in 1701. John Benaglia, who had been his secretary during his embassy at Constantinople, published, in 1684, at Bologna, a Relazione del Viaggio a Costantinopoli, &c. dell' illustre Conte Alberto Caprara, &c., which contains important information.

CAPRARA, (Giovan Battista,) cardinal of S. Onofrio, archbishop of Milan, legate à latere of the Papal see, grand dignitary of the order of the iron crown, was born at Bologna, in 1733. He was scarcely twenty-five years old, when Benedict XIV. created him vice-legate at Ravenna; and, in 1767, Clement III. sent him nuncio to Cologne, where he so pleased the empress Maria Teresa, that, at her request, pope Pius VI. in 1775 appointed him his nuncio at Lucerne. In 1785 he was removed to Vienna, to the great satisfaction of the emperor Joseph II. and his first minister, the prince of Kaunitz. In 1792 he was created cardinal. In 1800 he was made bishop of Tessy; and on hearing of the famine which distressed the people, he set out in the middle of the winter, spent the whole revenue of his see, and borrowed large sums of money to purchase corn, flour, and other necessaries of life, which he personally distributed amongst the poor. In the following year he was appointed legate à latere to the French government; in April 1802, he signed the concordat with the Church; in 1805 he consecrated Napoleon king of Italy, in the cathedral of Milan. At last, becoming ill and blind, he died in June 1810; and his funeral, by an imperial decree, was celebrated with the greatest solemnity in the following July.

CAPRIATA, (Pier Giovanni,) an eminent Genoese lawyer, who lived during the seventeenth century, and acquired great reputation as the historian of the transactions of Italy during his own time; relating facts with great clearness and impartiality, and displaying much sagacity in pointing out their causes. The work is divided into three parts; the first two were published at Genoa during his life-time, containing the transactions from 1613 to 1644. The third part, extending to 1660, was published by his son after his death, in 1663. To preserve his independence

CARA, in Turkish, black, is the prefix of numerous names in that language.

CARA-ARSLAN, (the Black Lion,) a prince of the petty dynasty of the Ortokides, of the junior branch, who ruled in Amida and Hisn-Kaifa. He succeeded his father, Daoud, about A.D. 1149 (A.H. 544), but the precise year is not ascertained. He appears to have held his principality as a subordinate ally of the great sultan of Syria, Noor-ed-deen Mahmood, and distinguished himself in the wars against the Christians of Palestine. At the great victory gained over the Franks, in 1164, he was present, and held with his troops the right wing of the Moslem army he appears also to have been a patron of learning, as several Arabic works are dedicated to him. D'Herbelot erroneously says, "il fut surnommé Omadeddin;" his true Arabic title, as appears both from his coins and the evidence of history, was Fakhr-eddeen, Glory of the Faith. He died A.D. 1166 (A.H. 562), and was succeeded in his principality by his son, Noor-ed-deen Mahmood (or Mohammed), to whom Saladin afterwards confirmed his territories. The name of Cara Arslan was borne by several other petty princes of the same family. (D'Herbelot. De Guignes, Abulfeda. Chron. Syriac. Marsden. Numism. Orient. i. 144.)

CARA-HISSARLI, (Sheikh Mosslahed-deen Mustapha Al-Akhteri,) so called from his birth-place of Cara-Hissar in Anatolia, the ancient Apamea; the compiler of a valuable dictionary in Arabic and Turkish, known by the title of Logat-al-Akhteri, consisting principally of articles selected from the lexicon of Jawhari, the Kamoos or Ocean of Firouzabadi, &c. rendered into Turkish. Copies of this work, both in its original form and that of an abridgment, are found in several European libraries; but little is known respecting the author, except that Hadji-Khalfa informs us he was contemporary with Soliman the Magnificent. (Hadji-Khalfa. D'Herbelot.)

CARA-KOOSH, (Eagle, literally Black-bird,) the Turkish name of Bahaed-deen, a white eunuch who filled the apparently incompatible offices of vizir and buffoon to the Sultan Salah-ed-deen (Saladin). He had originally been a

slave of his uncle Shîrakoh; and on the occupation of Egypt by Saladin, was appointed guardian of the palace and person of the Fatimite khalif. After the subversion of the Fatimite dynasty, he became governor of Cairo, where he built the present citadel; on the highest part of which, in commemoration of his own name, he placed the figure of an eagle in alto-relievo, which the people of Cairo still regard as the tutelary talisman of the city, and believe that it utters a cry when any calamity is about to befal it. He was subsequently among the defenders of Acre in its famous siege by the crusaders, and became at its capture in 1191 a prisoner of Philip Augustus of France; but was released at the conclusion of peace in the following year. He was now again appointed vizir of Egypt, but did not long survive to enjoy his honours, dying in the same year with his master, A.D. 1193. The name of Carakoosh is still proverbial in Egypt and Syria, as expressive of blundering simplicity; and Soyûti has even written a treatise on the ludicrous sayings and doings attributed to him; but this peculiarity, if it have any foundation beyond popular tradition, must have been assumed for the amusement of his master, as the authentic records of history speak of him as a man of eminent ability and valour. D'Herbelot is certainly in error in saying that Cara-koosh, which is a common Turkish name, signifies an ouzel or blackbird, ("c'est proprement un merle, et non pas un corbeau,") and was given him as an epithet indicating simplicity. (Abulfeda. Soyuti. D'Herbelot.)

CARA MUSTAPHA PASHA. See KIUPRILI.

CARA MUSTAPHA PASHA, a celebrated grand-vizir of the Ottoman empire. He was the son of a spahi near Merzivan in Anatolia; but having entered the service of the famous grand-vizir Mohammed-Kiuprili, he was raised by him to the post of master of the horse, and received the hand of one of his daughters in marriage. Under the vizirat of his brother-in-law Ahmed-Kiuprili, who succeeded his father in the post of prime minister, the rise of Cara-Mustapha was rapid; he became successively pasha of Silistria, governor of Diarbekr, capitanpasha, and vizir of the cupola; and served with distinction at the famous siege of Candia. He subsequently accompanied sultan Mohammed IV. in the Polish campaign of 1674, where he disgraced himself by his cruelty and rapacity; yet

such was the ascendant which he had gained over the sultan, that in the following year he bestowed on him the hand of one of his daughters, an honour which, according to Ottoman etiquette, compelled him to divorce his former wife, the daughter of Mohammed-Kiuprili. On the death of Ahmed-Kiuprili in 1676, the seals of the empire were at once conferred on Cara-Mustapha; but he was unsuccessful in his efforts, during several campaigns, to reduce the revolted Cossacks of the Ukraine, and the province was eventually ceded to Russia by a treaty concluded in 1681. On the rupture with Austria in 1682, he assumed the command of the Ottoman armies in Hungary; and on the 14th of July in the following year, he laid siege to Vienna with a host of 200,000 men. After an investment of two months, the garrison was reduced to extremity, when the siege was raised by the appearance of the armies of Poland and the Empire, headed by the chivalrous king of Poland, John Sobieski. The Turks, seized with a panic, were routed (Sept. 12,) with the loss of 20,000 men, and all their treasures, baggage, and artillery; and the spell of the Turkish military ascendency, which had so long held Europe in awe, was from this moment broken for ever. The grand-vizir himself with difficulty escaped into Hungary, and thence to Belgrade, whence he endeavoured to excuse his defeat to the sultan; but no sooner did the magnitude of the disaster become known, than a mandate was sent for the head of CaraMustapha, who was bowstrung December 25, 1683, in the 57th year of his age. Cara-Mustapha is called by the Turkish writer Evliya "a most excellent and prudent minister;" and he certainly appears to more advantage in his domestic administration than as a military commander. His judicious regulations greatly improved the internal police of the empire, and he founded many mosques, colleges, and other public buildings; but all his good qualities were obscured by his excessive avarice, for the gratification of which he rendered himself detested by the people by his acts of injustice and rapacity. (Evliya-Effendi. Rashid. Hammer.)

CARA-YAZIDJI, (the Black Secretary, thence called by Knolles, the Scrivano,) the sobriquet of Abdul-Halim, a famous rebel leader against the authority of the Porte in Anatolia. He had at one time, according to Naima, been governor of Ethiopia; but during the disaffection resulting from the severities of the vizir

Cicala, (see CICALA,) he appeared in arms at the head of a multitude of Kurds, Turkmans, and malcontent spahis, (A.D. 1599, A.H. 1008,) and possessed himself of the strong city of Roha or Edessa. After sustaining a long siege from the imperial troops, he submitted on promise of pardon, and was appointed sandjak of Amasia; but in the following year he again revolted, and being joined by his brother Delhi-Housein, gained a great victory near Kaisariyeh over those pashas who had been sent against him. He now assumed all the state of a sovereign, issuing firmans and coining money in his own name, and ruling the eastern part of Anatolia with undisputed authority; but the pasha of Bagdad, having collected a formidable army, at length gave him a total defeat (Aug. 1601, A.H. 1010,) near Elbistan, and he died shortly after in the mountains of Djanik, near the Black Sea, where he had taken refuge. His brother Delhi-Hussein succeeded him as leader of the Jelalis, as the rebel faction was termed; but eventually submitted to the Porte, and was at first made pasha of Bosnia, but shortly afterwards put to death. The insurrection however did not expire with the loss of its original leaders, but continued under different chiefs to distract Anatolia, till it was extirpated by the merciless severity of the vizir Mourad in 1608, after the defeat of Fakhr-ed-deen. (Naima, Von Hammer. Knolles.)

CARA-YEILUK, (Black Snake, Othman,) a Turkoman prince, of the dynasty of Ak-Koinlu, or the White Sheep, in western Persia; of which he is generally considered the third in succession. Neither he nor his predecessors, however, seem fairly entitled to rank as independent sovereigns; and during great part of his career he was a vassal to Timour, from whom, after his victory over the Ottoman sultan Bayezid, he received a considerable accession of territory in Anatolia and Mesopotamia, with the cities of Arzindjan, Siwas, and Mardein. After the death of Timour, he continued his adhesion to his son Shah-Rokh, but being at length defeated, (A.D. 1435, A.H. 839,) by Emir Iskender, a prince of the Cara-Koinlu, or Black Sheep race, he was taken and put to death in the 90th year of his age, after a reign of more than forty years. His head was sent to the sultan of Egypt, the constant enemy of the race of Timour and their adherents; but his death was afterwards fearfully avenged by his grandson, the famous Uzun-Hassan, who extir

pated the whole race of the Cara-Koinlu. His death, by an unaccountable error, is placed thirty years earlier by D'Herbelot, De Guignes, and almost every writer who has mentioned it; but De Sacy (Choestomathie Arabe. ii. 86,) has pointed out from Makrizi the true date, which will indeed become obvious if we consider that Cara-Yusef, the father of Emir Iskender, had scarcely commenced his career at the former period. He was succeeded by his son Hamzah-Beg. (Arabshah. Makrizi. D'Herbelot. De Guignes. Malcolm.)

CARA-YUSEF, founder of the CaraKoinlu, or Black Sheep dynasty, was son of a Turkoman chief named Cara-Mohammed, who commanded the armies of Ahmed Jellair, the Ilkhanian sultan of Bagdad. He succeeded his father in this office, but soon became sufficiently powerful to dispossess his sovereign, and make himself independent sovereign of Irak, (A.D. 1403, A.H. 806.) He was compelled to fly, however, before the arms of Timour, and took refuge in Egypt, where his rival Sultan Ahmed was at the same time a fugitive; and a reconciliation took place, which was not however of long continuance. After the death of Timour, Cara-Yusef again appeared in the field (1408) against his descendants; and having gained a great victory over Mirza Abubekr, a grandson of the Tartar conqueror, he possessed himself of Tabreez and the whole province of Azerbijan. He now again turned his arms against Sultan Ahmed, whom he defeated and put to death, with all his family, thus ending the Ilkhanian dynasty, (A.D. 1410, A.H. 813.) He was now master of nearly all Persia, except Khorassan and the eastern provinces, which were ruled by Shah Rokh, son of Timour, who overthrew Cara-Yusef in three great battles, and while marching against him a fourth time, he died of a sudden attack of dysentery, (A.D. 1420, A.H. 823,) and was left for some time unburied amid the tumult which his death occasioned in his camp; even the ears of the corpse being cut off for the sake of the pendants he wore. He was succeeded in his states by his son Emir-Iskender. (Arabshah. Shereef-ed-deen. Khardemir. Makrizi. D'Herbelot. De Guignes. Malcolm.)

CARACALLA, or, as he is called by Dion Cassius, Herodianus, Spartianus, and Zonaras, ANTONINUS, that being the name given to him by his father, the emperor Severus, was born at Lyons, in April 188 A.D,, and such was his im

patience to wear the purple, that he tempted his father's domestics and physicians to hasten the death of his parent; and on their refusal, he put them all to death, as soon as he ascended the throne conjointly with his younger brother, Geta. But as they cordially hated each other, they proposed to divide the empire between them; and though this step was prevented by the prayers of their mother, Julia, yet so anxious was Caracalla to reign alone, that he requested his mother to obtain an interview with his brother, with the view of bringing about a reconciliation; and no sooner had they met in her apartment, than some creatures of Caracalla, who had followed in his train, made an attack upon Geta, and murdered him in his mother's arms. Supported by the pretorian guards, whom he had gained by bribery and the promise of increased pay, he appeared before the senate, and, after asserting that he had killed his brother in self-defence, he was proclaimed emperor, when he immediately put to death all those who were attached to Geta, amounting, says Dion, to 20,000, and amongst them was the sister of Commodus, and the grand-daughter of Marcus Aurelius, whose only crime was that she had shed tears over the fate of Geta in the presence of his bereaved mother; and such was the natural cruelty of his disposition that he ordered the people he collected in the Circus to be massacred, because they had ventured to ridicule an inexpert charioteer, patronized by the emperor. To relieve the tedium, or to avoid the danger, of a life spent in Italy, he headed an expedition into Germany, and gained the good will of the people by adopting their dress, manners, and habits; nor was he less a favourite with the Roman soldiery, from his sharing in the labour and living on the food of a private. Passing from Germany into Macedonia, he there assumed the character of a second Alexander; while, to show his disrespect to the memory of Aristotle, whom he conceived to have been implicated in the conspiracy of Antipater, he ordered all the copies of his works to be burnt. Proceeding into Asia Minor, when he arrived at Ilium, he determined to imitate Achilles; and accordingly he caused, it is supposed, a favourite freedman to be poisoned, in order that he might celebrate his funeral with all the honours paid to Patroclus. On reaching Antioch he invited Abogarus to a meeting; and when he had got the king of Edessa into