been ranked by some next to the Transfiguration by Raffaelle, and the Communion of St. Jerome by Domenichino; this piece has unfortunately been destroyed, partly by damp, and partly by the ignorance of cleaners. On this occasion, too, he painted, conjointly with Baroccio and Michael Angelo da Caravaggio, an Ecce Homo, which has been considered superior to other representations of that subject. He was now so much struck with the style of Baroccio as to feel an irresistible desire to imitate it. But on finding that his model was himself an imitator of Correggio, he resolved thenceforth to study the works of that great master, whom he copied with so much exactness as to obtain the appellation of the Florentine Correggio-a title which was bestowed upon him for his painting of the Martyrdom of St. Stephen. He did not, indeed, approach so near the manner of the illustrious master of the Lombard school, as Baroccio, Schidoni, and the Caracci, have done; but he profited, like an able artist, of the great style of Correggio, so far as relates to chiar-oscuro and the grandeur of design; but he has been immeasurably distanced by his great exemplar in that admirable impasto and variety of colouring, that impressive tenderness of expression, and that daring display of the sotto in su, which distinguish the works of Correggio. On his return to Florence he was employed in various architectural decorations for the public festivals, especially on the occasion of the marriage of Mary de Medicis with Henry IV. The statue and pedestal erected to that monarch on the Pont-Neuf were made after designs by Cardi. He died at Rome, in 1613, in the fifty-fourth year of his age.

CARDILUCIUS, (John Hiskias,) count palatine and alchemical physician, who flourished towards the close of the seventeenth century. After having studied in Holland, he spent some time in the different cities of Lower Germany, and at last settled at Nuremberg with the title of first physician to the duke of Wurtemberg. He held that for the successful administration of any medicine it was necessary to make a previous comparison of the height of the sun in the ecliptic with that of certain signs of the zodiac, and that the same was requisite in collecting medical herbs. His works are nine in number, all relating to alchemical medicine. (Biog. Medicale.)

CARDISCO, (Marco,) called IL CALABRESE, a painter, a native of Calabria,

supposed to have studied under Polidoro da Caravaggio. He painted at Naples, in the church of S. Pietro ad Aram, a Descent from the Cross, and a Pietá, with two laterals of S. Pietro and S. Paolo: but his masterpiece is in the church of S. Agostino, representing that saint disputing with the Manichees. Vasari has, by mistake, ascribed this last-mentioned picture to Aversa. Cardisco flourished between the years of 1508 and 1542.

CARDON, (Antony,) a Flemish engraver, who was born at Brussels, and flourished about the year 1766. He passed some time at Naples, where he engraved some prints, and among others, copies from Watteau.

CARDON, (Antony,) son of the preceding, born at Brussels, in 1773, was also an ingenious engraver, and was instructed in the art by his father. During the political commotions, at the period of the Belgic insurrection, in 1790, he took refuge in England, when he was only seventeen years of age. He brought with him an introduction to Colnaghi, who gave him immediate employment. His admirable engravings soon obtained for him a distinguished reputation; but his too close application to his profession shortened his days, and he died in 1813.

CARDONA, (John Baptist,) a Spanish ecclesiastic and antiquarian, born, in the sixteenth century, at Valencia, of the cathedral of which city he was canon. He was successively bishop of Perpignan, Vich, and Tortosa. He was a man of studious habits, and towards the close of his life applied himself to establish, by a careful collation of MSS. the true readings of the works of the Fathers. He had already restored upwards of eight hundred correct readings in the works of Leo the Great and St. Hilary, when he was cut off in 1589. He published, De Regiâ Sancti Laurentii Scorialensis Bibliothecâ Libellus, and De Bibliothecâ Vaticanâ, in both of which he gives directions for collecting books; and a short treatise of his, entitled De Dyptichis, contains some curious information respecting ancient public registers; copies of which are still to be seen in France, at Sens, Dijon, and Besançon, and have been well described by M. Coste, the librarian of the last-mentioned city.

CARDONNE, (Denis Dominique,) an eminent orientalist, born at Paris, in 1720. At the age of nine years he set out for Constantinople, where for twenty years he applied himself to the acquisition of the Turkish, Persian, and Arabic

languages, and to the gaining of an acquaintance with the manners, customs, and character of the people of the East. On his return to Paris he was made, in 1750, secretary and keeper of the royal library, and professor of the Turkish and Persian languages at the royal college. He devoted himself to an assiduous examination of the oriental MSS. in the royal library, and published, in 1765, a History of Africa and Spain under the dominion of the Arabs, 3 vols, 12mo; a work which has been severely censured on account of its nunerous inaccuracies. He also wrote Mélanges de Littérature Orientale, traduits de différents Manuscrits, Turcs, Arabes, et Persans, 1770, 2 vols, 12mo; a valuable and original collection, which was translated into English in the same year. He also published Contes et Fables Indiennes, 1778, 3 vols, 12mo, commenced by Galland. Cardonne died in 1783.

CARDUCCI, (Bartolomeo,) an eminent painter, born at Florence, in 1560. He was a pupil of Frederigo Zucchero, whom he assisted in painting the great cupola of the cathedral of his native city. He also, while young, painted two noble altar pieces for the church of the Jesuits, the subjects of which were, the Immaculate Conception, and the Nativity. When Zucchero was invited to Madrid by Philip II. Carducci accompanied him, and assisted him in the great works which he executed in the Escurial; and, in conjunction with Perugino Tibaldi and Pellegrini, he painted the famous ceiling of the library, the parts assigned to him being the figures of Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, and Cicero. He also gave so much satisfaction to the king by the manner in which he painted portions of the cloisters, that Philip rewarded him with two hundred ducats, in addition to his salary. But the work which, above all others, established his reputation in Spain, is his admirable picture of the Descent from the Cross, in the church of San Phelipe el Real, at Madrid, a piece which some have not scrupled to class with the best of Raffaelle's. After the death of Philip II. Carducci was appointed by his successor, Philip III., to paint a gallery in the palace of the Pardo, the subject of which was to be taken from the history of Charles V. He began this work, but was cut off, in 1610, before he had made any great progress in it. He had considerable skill in sculpture and architecture. When Carducci was invited to the French court, his merits were so

highly estimated by Philip II. that the grateful artist, moved by the regret of his royal patron, excused himself to the French ambassador, and remained in Spain.

CARDUCCI, (Vincenzio,) a painter, younger brother of the preceding, born at Florence, in 1568. He was instructed in the art by his brother, and, at his request, followed him to Spain, and, on the death of Bartolomeo, was engaged by Philip III. to finish the gallery in the palace of the Pardo; but, instead of the history of Charles V. which his brother had undertaken to represent, he chose that of Achilles, which he executed greatly to the satisfaction of his royal patron, who appointed him his painter. He held the same office under Philip IV. His pictures adorn the churches in the cities of Castile, in Salamanca, Toledo, Segovia, and Valladolid, as well as in Madrid. In the convent del Rosario are the Warning to Joseph by the Angel, and a San Antonio de Padua. In the refectory of the Franciscans is a picture of St. John preaching. In the church of Alcala de Henares is his last work-an unfinished picture of St. Geronimo, with this inscription: "Vincentius Carduchi Florentinus hic vitam non opus finit, 1638." He published a work in eight books, entitled, Dialogo de la Pintura, sa Defensa, Origen, Essencia, Definicion, Modos y Diferencias, Madrid, 1633, 4to. Carducci had many pupils, among whom was the celebrated Ricci, painter to Philip IV. and Charles II.

CAREME, (Marie-Antoine,) well known for his skill in the culinary art, was born at Paris, in 1784. Suddenly deserted in his childhood by his parents, in an agony of destitution, in the streets of that capital, he rose from the lowest condition to a state of comparative opulence, and was employed as cuisinier by Bailly, Talleyrand, baron Rothschild, George IV. and the emperor Alexander. He wrote several elaborate works upon his art, the history and progress of which he has traced with singular industry. He died in 1833.

CARESTINI, (Giovanni,) a celebrated Italian singer, born at Mount Filantrana, in the marche of Ancona, and at twelve years old went to Milan, where he was patronized by the Cusani family, whence he was frequently called Cusanio. His voice was at first a powerful and clear soprano, which afterwards changed to the fullest, finest, and deepest countertenor that has perhaps ever been heard. His

first appearance on the stage seems to have been at Rome, in 1721, in the female character of Costenzo, in Buononcini's opera of Griselda. In 1723 he was at Prague during the great musical congress there, on occasion of the coronation of the emperor Charles VI. as king of Bohemia. In 1724 he was at Mantua; and in 1726 at Venice, where he performed with Farinelli and the famous tenor Paita. In 1728 he was at Rome, and again in 1730, where he performed in Vinci's celebrated operas of Alessandro nell' Indie, and Artaserse, both written by Metastasio. He was now engaged by Handel to supply the place of Senesino, who, together with his whole troop, except Strada, had deserted from his service, and enlisted under the banners of Porpora and the nobility at Lincoln's-inn-fields. Carestini's person was tall, handsome, and majestic. He was also a very animated and intelligent actor. It was the opinion of Hasse, as well as of many other eminent professors, that whoever had not heard Carestini was unacquainted with the most powerful style of singing. He continued in the highest reputation for twenty years after quitting England, and sang at Berlin in 1750, 1754, and 1755, and at Petersburg till the year 1758, when he returned to Italy, and soon after died.

CAREW, (Sir John,) baron of Carew and Mullesford, was born at MohunsOttery, in the county of Devon. He was descended from Walter de Windsor, castellan, or governor of Windsor Castle, who had two sons, William and Gerald. Gerald was governor of the castle of Pembroke in Wales, and in great favour with king Henry I., who granted him the lordship of Mullesford in Berkshire. He married Nesta, daughter of Rees, prince of South Wales, by whom he had three sons, William, Maurice, and David. From Maurice, the second son, are descended the noble families of the Fitzgeralds of Leinster and Desmond in Ireland. William, the eldest, was the immediate ancestor of the family of Carew. Sir John was a valiant soldier, and served ably under Edward III. in his wars in France. At the battle of Cressy, his gallant son, Sir John Carew, whose courage and abilities had obtained for him also the honour of knighthood, was slain fighting by the side of the Black Prince. In 1348, baron Carew was appointed lord-deputy of Ireland, and filled that. important station with credit for about two years. He died in 1368.

CAREW, (Sir Thomas,) grandson of the preceding, a gallant soldier. He served under king Henry V. in his French wars, and particularly distinguished himself at the battle of Agincourt. In the year 1418 he was selected to keep and defend the passage over the Seine, and was made captain of Harfleur. He died in 1430.

CAREW, (Thomas,) a descendant of the above, was born at Mohuns-Ottery, and became possessed of the estate of Brickleigh in the county of Devon, by his marriage with the only daughter and heiress of Humphrey Courtenay, Esq. In the year 1513 he attended the earl of Surrey in the expedition against Scotland, and obtained great renown at the battle of Flodden. Some time previous, a Scottish knight having defied to single combat any gentleman in the English army, Carew accepted the challenge, and overcame his opponent. Having attended the earl of Surrey in a reconnoissance, he observed a body of Scots approaching in such a direction as to cut off all possibility of retreat, except by a narrow passage over a bridge. Carew prevailed upon the earl hastily to exchange his rich habit for his (Carew's) armour, and then posting himself upon the bridge, he gallantly defended the passage against numerous assailants, until the earl was beyond their reach; he was at length overpowered by numbers, and carried prisoner to Dunbar, but after some time was ransomed. On his return to England, the earl of Surrey treated him with high marks of esteem, and appointed him his vice-admiral. The date of his death is not known.

CAREW, (George,) earl of Totness, and baron Carew of Clopton in the county of Warwick, a descendant of the same family with the preceding, was born in 1557. His father, George, archdeacon of Totness and dean of Exeter, gave particular attention to the education of his son, who, at the age of fifteen, was entered at Broad-gate hall, (now Pembroke college,) Oxford, and made considerable proficiency in learning, especially in the study of antiquities. On leaving the university, he embraced the military profession, and served in the Irish wars against the earl of Desmond and other rebels. In 1580 he was made governor of Askeaton castle; and in 1589 obtained the degree of A.M. at Oxford. Shortly after, he was appointed lieutenant-general of artillery, and master of the ordnance in Ireland. In 1596, he was one of the commanders of the expedition to Cadiz.

in 1599 he was created lord-president of Munster; and the following year treasurer of the army, and one of the lords justices of Ireland. On entering upon his government, he found matters in a most deplorable state, the country in open rebellion, while the entire force at his disposal consisted only of 3,000 infantry, and 250 cavalry. By his consummate skill, prudence, and valour, however, he overcame all difficulties; he reduced all the strong castles and forts, made the earl of Desmond, and the chieftain O'Connor, prisoners, and brought under subjection the other chiefs of the rebels. He defeated a body of Spaniards who had landed at Kinsale in 1601. In 1602 he attacked and captured the strong castle of Dunboy, reckoned until then impregnable by the Irish; an exploit of the utmost importance, inasmuch as he thereby prevented the execution of a project for another invasion by the Spaniards, which was abandoned on the intelligence of the fall of Dunboy. He had long solicited Elizabeth's permission to resign this burdensome charge, which was at length granted in 1603. He returned immediately to England, and arrived only three days before the death of his royal mistress. King James, sensible of his great merit, appointed him governor of Guernsey in the same year; and on the 4th of June, 1605, raised him to the peerage by the title of baron Carew, of Clopton in the county of Warwick. In 1608 he was appointed master-general of the ordnance of Great Britain, and a privy counsellor. On the accession of Charles I. he was created earl of Totness, February 1, 1625. He died full of years and honours at the Savoy in London, in 1629.

CAREW, (George,) second son of Thomas Carew, Esq., probably born at his father's seat at East Anthony, but in what year is not known. He was educated at Oxford, whence he removed to the inns of court, and then set out on his travels. On his return he was called to the bar, and after some time was appointed secretary to Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor, by the especial recommendation of queen Elizabeth, who gave him a prothonotaryship in the chancery, and conferred upon him the honour of knighthood. In 1597, being then a master in chancery, he was sent ambassador to the king of Poland. In the next reign, he was one of the commissioners for treating with the Scotch concerning the union; after which he was appointed ambassador to the court 33

VOL. VI.

of France, where he continued till 1609. During his residence in that country he sought the conversation of men of letters; and formed an intimacy with Thuanus, to whom he communicated an account of the transactions in Poland, whilst he was employed there, which was of great use to that author in drawing up the 121st book of his History. After his return from France, he was advanced to the post of master of the court of wards, which situation he did not long live to enjoy; for it appears from a letter written by Thuanus to Camden, in the spring of the year 1613, that he was then lately deceased. In this letter, Thuanus laments his death as a great misfortune to himself; for he considered his friendship not only as a personal honour, but as very useful in his work. When Sir George Carew returned in 1609 from his French embassy, he drew up, and addressed to James I. a Relation of the State of France, with the character of Henry IV. and the principal persons of that court; which reflects great credit upon his sagacity and attention as an ambassador, and his abilities as a writer. The composition is perspicuous and manly, and entirely free from the pedantry which prevailed in the reign of James I., the writer's taste having been formed in a better æra-that of Elizabeth. This valuable tract lay for a long time in MS. till happily falling into the hands of the earl of Hardwicke, it was communicated by him to Dr. Birch, who published it in 1749, at the end of his Historical View of the Negotiations between the Courts of England, France, and Brussels, from the year 1592 to 1617. That writer justly observes, that it is a model, upon which ambassadors may form and digest their notions and representations; and the poet Gray spoke of it as an excellent performance.

CAREW, (Nicholas,) descended from the Carews of Beddington, in Surrey. At an early age he was introduced to the court of Henry VIII., where he soon became a favourite, and was made one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber. Having been employed upon some public business in France, he became so enamoured of French fashions and amusements, that, when he returned to his own country, he was continually making invidious comparisons to the disadvantage of the English court. The king, provoked by his petulance, removed him from his presence, and sentenced him to an honourable banishment, appointing him governor of Ruysbank in Picardy.

D

He was, however, soon recalled, and was again employed by the king, and was for several years his constant companion, and was appointed master of the horse, an office of great honour, being reckoned the third in rank about the king's household. He was afterwards created knight of the garter. His promotion may probably be attributed in some measure to the interest of Anna Bolleyn, to whom he was related through their common ancestor, lord Hoo. His indiscretion, however, soon marred his fortunes, for in 1539 he engaged in a conspiracy with the marquis of Exeter, the lord Montacute, and Sir Edward Neville; the object of which was to set cardinal Pole upon the throne. The accuser was sir Geffrey Poole, lord Montacute's brother; the trial was summary, and the conspirators were all executed. Sir Nicholas Carew was beheaded on Tower-hill, March 3, 1539, when he made, says Holinshed, "a godly confession, both of his fault and superstitious faith." Fuller mentions a tradition of a quarrel which happened at bowls between the king and Sir Nicholas Carew, to which he ascribes his majesty's displeasure, and Sir Nicholas's death.

CAREW, (Richard,) author of the Survey of Cornwall, and brother of Sir George Carew, the ambassador, was born in 1555. When very young, he became a gentleman commoner of Christ Church, Oxford; and at fourteen years of age had the honour of disputing, extempore, with Sir Philip Sydney, in the presence of the earls of Leicester, Warwick, and others of the nobility. After spending three years at the university, he removed to the Middle Temple, where he also resided three years, and then travelled in France. In 1581, he was made justice of the peace, and in 1586 was appointed high sheriff of the county of Cornwall; about which time he was, likewise, queen's deputy for the militia. In 1589 he was elected a member of the College of Antiquaries, a distinction to which he was entitled by his literary abilities. What particularly engaged his attention was his native county, his Survey of which was published in 4to, at London, in 1602. It has been twice reprinted; in 1723 and in 1769. Of this work Camden speaks in high terms of commendation. But Gough remarks that the history and monuments of this county were faintly touched by Carew; he adds, however, that he was a person well capable of describing them. Another work of Carew was a translation from the Italian, but

originally written by Huarte in Spanish, entitled The Examination of Men's Wits; in which, by discovering the variety of natures, is showed for what profession each one is apt, and how far he shall profit therein. This was published at London in 1594, and afterwards in 1604. According to Wood, Carew wrote also the True and Ready Way to Learn the Latin Tongue, in answer to a query, whether the ordinary method of teaching the Latin by the rules of grammar, be the best mode of instructing youth in that language? This tract is involved in Mr. Samuel Hartlib's book upon the same subject, and with the same title. It is certain that Carew was a man of considerable talents, and that he was held in great estimation by some of the most eminent scholars of his time. He was particularly intimate with Sir Henry Spelman, who extols him for his ingenuity, virtue, and learning. He died in 1620. In an epigram written upon him he was styled another Livy, another Maro, another Papinian. An English translation of Godfrey of Bulloigne, from Tasso, by him, was published in 1594,

4to.

CAREW, (Thomas,) an English poet, a zealous adherent to Charles I., allied to the Carews of Gloucestershire, but descended from the more ancient family of that name in Devonshire, and supposed to have been born in 1589. According to Wood, he received his academical education at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, but was neither matriculated, nor took any degree. After leaving college he improved himself by travelling, according to the custom of the age, and being distinguished for superior elegance of manners and taste, he was received into the court of Charles I. as gentleman of the privy-chamber, and sewer in ordinary. His wit had recommended him to his sovereign, who, however, as Clarendon informs us, incurred the displeasure of the Scotch nation by bestowing the last mentioned office upon Carew, in preference to a gentleman recommended upon the interest of the courtiers of that nation. He appears after this appointment to have passed his days in affluence and gaiety. His talents were highly valued by his contemporaries, particularly by Ben Jonson and Sir Walliam Davenant. Sir John Suckling only, in his Session of the Poets, insinuates that his poems cost him more labour than is consistent with the fertility of genius. His death is said to have taken place in 1639, which agrees