lord Dorchester was unacquainted with the government, laws, and customs of his own country, and the nature of the people, is disputed by Dr. Birch, in his Review of the Negotiations, who considers it as absolutely incompatible with the experience which he must have acquired in the house of commons. The letters from and to Sir Dudley Carleton, during his embassy in Holland, from January 1615-16, to December 1620, properly selected, and, as occasion required, abridged, or only noted, were published by the earl of Hardwicke, in 1757, in one vol. 4to, with an excellent historical preface. The second edition of the same work, with large additions to the historical preface, appeared in 1775, and has been twice reprinted. Many other letters of his are dispersed in various collections; besides which, several political tracts, enumerated by Wood, are ascribed to him.

CARLETON, (George,) a learned bishop in the seventeenth century, was born at Norham, in Northumberland, of the castle of which his father was then governor. He received his earlier education under the care of the eminent Bernard Gilpin; and was sent by him to Edmund hall, Oxford, in the beginning of the year 1576. In 1579 he took his degree of B.A. at the completing of which he exceeded all that performed their exercises at that time. The same year he was elected probationer fellow of Merton college, and remained in that society above five years before he proceeded in his faculty, not taking the degree of M.A. till June 14, 1585. While he remained in college, he was esteemed an excellent orator and poet, and soon became an eminent disputant in divinity. After staying for many years at the university, and taking the degree of B.D. in 1594, and that of D.D. in 1613, he was advanced to the bishopric of Llandaff in 1618. The same year he was sent by king James I. with three other English divines, Dr. Hall, afterwards bishop of Exeter, Dr. Davenant, afterwards bishop of Salisbury, and Dr. Ward, master of Sidney college, Cambridge, and one from Scotland, Dr. Walter Balcanqual, afterwards dean of Durham, to the synod of Dort; where he ably defended episcopacy, and behaved so well in every respect, that on his return, he was, upon the translation of Dr. Harsnet to Norwich, elected to succeed him in the see of Chichester. He died 1628, and was buried in the choir of Chichester cathedral. He was a

man of solid judgment, and of various reading, and was well versed in the fathers and schoolmen; a bitter enemy to the Papists; and in the point of predestination a rigid Calvinist. "I Have loved him," says Mr. Camden, “for his excellent proficiency in divinity, and other polite parts of learning." Echard and Fuller also speak of him in very high terms of commendation. He perhaps wrote upon a greater variety of subjects than any other divine of his time. Among his works are enumerated:-Tithes examined, and proved to be due to the Clergy by a Divine Right, Lond. 1606 and 1611, 4to. Jurisdiction Regal, Episcopal, Papal; wherein is declared how the Pope hath intruded upon the Jurisdiction of Temporal Princes, and of the Church, &c. Lond. 1610, 4to. Consensus Ecclesiæ Catholicæ contra Tridentinos, de Scripturis, Ecclesia, Fide, et Gratia, &c. Lond. 1613, 8vo. A thankfull Remembrance of God's Mercy. In an Historicall Collection of the great and mercifull Deliverances of the Church and State of England, since the Gospel beganne here to flourish, from the beginning of Queene Elizabeth, Lond. 1614. The historical part is chiefly extracted from Camden's Annals of queen Elizabeth. Short Directions to know the true Church, Lond. 1615, &c. 12mo. Examination of those Things wherein the Author of the late Appeal (Montague, afterwards bishop of Chichester) holdeth the Doctrine of Pelagians and Arminians to be the Doctrines of the Church of England, Lond. 1626 and 1636, 4to. A joynt Attestation, avowing that the Discipline of the Church of England was not impeached by the Synod of Dort, Lond. 1628, 4to. Vita Bernardi Gilpini, Viri sanctiss. famâque apud Aglos Aquilnonares celeberrimi, Lond. 1626, 4to, inserted in Dr. W. Bates's Collection of Lives, Lond. 1681, 4to. Latin Letter to Mr. Camden, containing some Notes and Observations on his Britannia. Printed by Dr. Smith, amongst Camdeni Epistolæ, No. 80. He had also a share in the Dutch Annotations, and in the new translation of the Bible, undertaken by order of the Synod of Dort, but not completed and published till 1637.

CARLETON, (Sir Guy,) lord Dorchester, descended from an ancient northern family, which removed to Ireland, was the third son of Christopher Carleton, of Newry, Esq. He was born at Strabane, in the county of Tyrone, in 1724. Having embraced a military life, he entered into the Guards, in which corps he continued

until 1748, when he was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel of the 72d regiment. in 1758 he embarked with general Amherst for the siege of Louisburg, where, and at the siege of Quebec, in the following year, he distinguished himself by his bravery and good conduct. He was afterwards wounded at the siege of Belleisle, where he acted as brigadier-general. In 1762 he was promoted to the rank of colonel in the army, and he soon after embarked for the siege of the Havannah, where he was again wounded in investing the Moro castle. In 1766 he was appointed colonel of the 47th regiment of foot. In 1772 he arrived at the rank of major-general, and in May following was appointed governor of Quebec, and was supposed to have been instrumental in passing the celebrated Quebec bill, for the government of that settlement. In 1775, when the American war broke out, he had ample scope for the display of his military talents. The American congress, having resolved to resort to arms, began soon to turn their eyes to Canada, where they knew the late acts were very unpopular, not only among the British settlers, but among the French Canadians themselves, who, having experienced the difference between a French and British constitution, gave the preference to the latter. To cooperate with the disaffected in Canada, and to anticipate the probable and suspected designs of general Carleton, the congress formed the bold project of invading this province. General Montgomery, their commander, headed the expedition, and proceeded with such vigour, that he compelled the fort of St. John's to surrender at discretion on the 2d of November. Hence, crossing the St. Lawrence, he proceeded to Montreal, which, being incapable of defence against the American force, was evacuated by general Carleton, who retired to Quebec. Having taken possession of Montreal, Montgomery made dispositions for advancing to besiege the capital of Canada. While Carleton, amidst numerous discouragements, was endeavouring to defend Quebec, the American generals Montgomery and Arnold summoned him to surrender; but he treated their summons with contempt, and refused to hold any correspondence with rebels. The inhabitants, too, displeased as they were with their new constitution, joined the British troops with cordial unanimity, and Montgomery, unprepared for a regular siege, endeavoured to take the place by storm. In this attempt he fell at the head of his

troops, whom the garrison, after an obstinate resistance, drove from the town with great loss. General Carleton being now reinforced by troops, which, added to what he had, formed a body of 13,000, prepared for offensive operations, and the Americans evacuated their conquests, stationing themselves at Crown Point. An armament was now prepared for crossing Lake Champlain, in order to besiege Crown Point and Ticonderago. The Americans had a considerable fleet on Lake Champlain, whereas the British had not a single vessel. The general, therefore, used every effort to procure the requisite naval force; but October had arrived before this was ready to oppose the enemy. On the 11th of that month the British fleet, commanded by captain Pringle, and under the general direction of Carleton, engaged the American squadron; the conflict was continued for several hours with great intrepidity; but, a contrary wind preventing the chief British ships from taking a part, and night coming on, it was thought prudent to discontinue the action, and Arnold took advantage of the night to retreat. The British pursued them the two next days, and overtook them a few leagues from Crown Point; where, after an action of two hours, the Americans were defeated, and driven out of Canada. In July 1776, general Carleton was made a knight of the Bath; and in the following year an expedition proceeded from Canada, to effect a cooperation with the principal British force; and the command of the army was conferred on general Burgoyne. Sir Guy Carleton, thus unfairly superseded, resigned his government in disgust, in which he was succeeded by general Haldimand; but before he departed, he exerted himself to the utmost to enable Burgoyne to take the field with advantage. In Aug. 1777 he was made a lieutenantgeneral in the army, and in 1781 was appointed to succeed Sir Henry Clinton as commander-in-chief in America, where he remained until the termination of the contest; when, after an interview with general Washington, he evacuated New York, and returned to England. In April 1786, he was once more appointed governor of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and, as a reward for his long services, he was, in August following, raised to the peerage, by the title of lord Dorchester, of Dorchester, in the county of Oxford. He remained in this extensive government for several years. He returned at length to England, and

died in 1808. He was succeeded in his titles and estate by his grandson.

CARLI, (Gian Rinaldo, count of,) called likewise CARLI RUBBI, from the name of his wife, was born of an ancient and noble family, at Capo d'Istria, in the Venetian territory, in 1720. After receiving his earlier education at home, where he applied himself with incredible diligence and success to the study of classical literature and science, he removed to Flambro, in the Friuli, where he had for his instructor the learned abbé Bini. Here he studied natural philosophy and geometry, and at the age of eighteen published a paper on the aurora borealis. He then removed to Padua, where he also studied Hebrew. At twenty he was elected a member of the academy of the Ricovrati, of which he afterwards became president; and at twenty-four he was appointed by a decree of the senate of Venice, who wished to improve their marine, professor of a new chair of astronomy and navigation established at Padua. Before this time his taste for the study of the monuments of the middle ages had led him to acquire sufficient knowledge of that subject to enable him to engage in discussions with Fontanini and Muratori, the results of which he published, together with some able translations and some learned treatises on the antiquities of Greece. He was soon involved in a troublesome controversy with the abbé Tartarotti on the now exploded subject of magic, and exposed the tricks and devices by which the professors of that art had practised upon the credulity of the people in ancient and more recent times. The freedom of his remarks caused him to be accused of heresy by his antagonist, who found more numerous abettors than Carli; the latter, however, was supported by the marquis Maffei, who, after the contest had raged for ten years, silenced it at last by his La Magia Annichilati. In 1747 Carli addressed to the marquis an able treatise on the subject of bullion, in which he discovered that acute penetration respecting the nature of metallic currency, which he afterwards more fully exhibited in an elaborate work. He also published his Andropologia, or Della Società. After holding his professorship at Padua for seven years he resigned it and returned to Istria, to attend to the management of his private affairs. About this time he visited the antiquities of Pola, which he afterwards described at length in his work on Italian antiquities. He had for

a companion in his researches the naturalist Vitaliano Donati, whose work on the natural history of the Adriatic was edited by Carli after the author's death: Saggio della Storia Naturale Marina dell' Adriatico, 4to, Venezia, 1750. In 1754 Carli published the first volume of his great work, Delle Monete e della Istituzione delle Zecche d'Italia. The second volume appeared in 1757, and the third and fourth in 1760. Carli employed nine years in the compilation of this work, during which he inspected the cabinets of medals and the archives of Milan, Turin, Tuscany, &c. A new edition, with corrections and additions by the author, was published at Milan in 1785, in 7 vols, 4to. Carli begins the monetary history of Italy with the mint of Odoacer at Ravenna, after the fall of the western empire, and comes down as far as the seventeenth century, describing and illustrating the numerous coins, national and foreign, which were current in Italy during the intervening ages; their weight, title, legends, and relative value, and also their value compared with the price of provisions at different epochs. He treats also of the commerce of bullion, and of the frequent alterations and deteriorations which took place in the weight and intrinsic value of the currency. He demonstrates, among other things, that the quantity of the precious metals in Italy was considerably greater in the fifteenth century, before the discovery of America, than in the eighteenth, and that the real price of provisions was proportionably higher; an assertion which appeared quite novel at the time. In the fifteenth century every petty state of Italy had its mint at work; the mint of Venice alone, under the doge Mocenigo, coined yearly 1,000,000 of gold sequins, besides 2,000,000 sequins in silver coins. All this is explained by the fact, that Italy was then the most commercial country in Europe; and it serves to confirm the accounts of the prodigious wealth of Italy previous to the French and Spanish invasions in the beginning of the sixteenth century, of which wealth the innumerable palaces, churches, paintings, and other monuments of splendour and luxury still remaining in that country, are sufficient evidence. In his Ragionamento sopra i Bilanci economici delle Nazioni, Carli asserted, against the then received opinion of the economists, that the balance of trade between nation and nation proved little or nothing as to the real prosperity of each. He was also at variance with

'the economists in his dissertation Sul libero Commercio dei Grani, addressed to 'Pompeo Nero in 1771, in which he combated the general application of the principle of the freedom of the corn trade under all circumstances. He considered it as a question more of administration than of commerce. He quoted the example of Poland, Hungary, Sicily, Apulia, Egypt, &c., which countries produce and export enormous quantities of corn, and yet always remain poor. Another interesting work of Carli is his Relazione sul Censimento dello Stato di Milano. The censimento, or catasto, was a survey and valuation of all the lands of Lombardy, effected under Maria Theresa, and completed in 1759, for the purpose of equalizing the land-tax and other public burthens. The plan was afterwards imitated in Prussia under Frederic II., in France under Napoleon, and in other countries. Carli was appointed president of the new council of commerce and public economy established at Milan, as well as of the board of public studies. In these capacities he repaired to Vienna in 1765, to confer with the minister Kaunitz, and was received at court with great distinction. When Joseph II. went to Milan in 1769, he apppointed Carli his privy counsellor, and it was at Carli's suggestion that the emperor finally abolished the tribunal of the Inquisition, which had existed at Milan for centuries. In 1771 he was made president of the new council of finances, which made useful reforms in that branch of administration. His labours having seriously impaired his health, he resigned the presidency of the council of commerce, and devoted his time chiefly to complete his Antichità Italiche, which appeared in 1788, 5 vols, 4to. Carli being now old and infirm, the emperor Leopold II. restored to him the whole of the pension, amounting to 20,000 francs, which he had enjoyed when in the full exercise of his office. He lived some years longer, and died in February, 1795. Carli's epistolary correspondence, spread over a period of fifty years, was very extensive, was carried on with the most enlightened men of his age, and was upon the most interesting subjects. He published many other works, among which are, Lettere Americane, in which he investigates the antiquities of America, and refutes Pauw's assertions in disparagement of the natives. In his L'Uomo Libero, ossia Ragionamento sulla Libertà Naturale e Civile dell' Uomo, he ably combats Rousseau's

theory, put forward by that ensnaring sophist in the Contrat Social. He wrote also many dissertations on classical subjects, on the triremes, on the Argonauts, on Hesiod's Theogony, on the geography of the ancients, &c. Carli's works were published in 19 vols, 8vo, Milan, 1784-94, exclusive of his Italian Antiquities. (Bossi, Elogio Storico di Gian Rinaldo Carli.)

CARLISLE, (Frederic Howard, fifth earl of,) son of Henry, fourth earl of Carlisle, was born May 28, 1748. He was educated at Eton. Thence he repaired to the continent, and during his travels was elected one of the knights companions of the order of the Thistle, and was invested with the insignia of the order Feb. 27, 1763, at Turin; the king of Sardinia representing his Britannic majesty on that occasion. On the expiration of his minority, he returned to England, and took his seat in the house of peers. Under the administration of lord North, during the earlier period of the American war, the earl of Carlisle began to distinguish himself in the house of peers, was sworn a member of the privy council, and nominated treasurer of the household; and when it was found that measures of coercion had failed in their anticipated effect, he was selected, on account of his acknowledged temper and moderation, to act a conspicuous part during the disputes between the mother country and the insurgent colonists. Accordingly, in 1778, he repaired to America, in the character of one of his majesty's commissioners for the purpose of restoring peace. panied by governor Johnstone, who was included in the mission, and by Mr. Eden, afterwards lord Auckland. It is well known that their joint efforts were ineffectual; and that all their arguments failed to persuade the Americans to return under the government of Great Britain; but it was acknowledged by all parties that the earl of Carlisle executed the office entrusted to him in a manner that redounded greatly to his honour. Soon after their return Mr. Eden published four letters, which he addressed to his patron, lord Carlisle, on the spirit of party, the financial condition of the country, and the representations of Ireland respecting a free trade. Immediately after this, in October 1780, the earl of Carlisle, who had been nominated lordlieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire, was appointed viceroy of Ireland; whither he was accompanied by his friend,

He was accom

Mr. Eden, who, in the capacity of chief secretary, managed the interests of England in the parliament of the sister kingdom. The period at which lord Carlisle was called upon to preside over the affairs of Ireland was peculiarly arduous and critical. The administration of lord North had become odious; America had boldly thrown off her allegiance; and various parts of the empire had strongly marked their disapprobation of the measures of government. Ireland having been drained of all the regular troops for the purpose of carrying on the contest in America, the inhabitants had associated for their own defence and protection; and an army of volunteers, officered by gentlemen of rank and fortune, and headed by the earl of Charlemont, was in complete possession of the country. The situation of a viceroy was therefore extremely delicate; more especially as a formidable and increasing party in opposition tended not a little to embarrass those entrusted with the government, and obliged them at times to deviate from the course which had been marked out for their conduct. Yet, notwithstanding these adverse circumstances, the administration of the earl of Carlisle was so conducted as to conciliate popular favour. It was during his lordship's government that a national bank was established; and many excellent plans were formed and bills passed for increasing the trade of that part of the empire. In the mean time, the existing British cabinet was threaten d with destruction. Lord North, unfortunate in his attempts to subjugate America, and perceiving the storm that was gathering around him, wished to escape from its fury by withdrawing from public affairs. The marquis of Rockingham, the duke of Portland, Mr. Fox, Mr. Burke, Mr. Wyndham, and their political adherents, had, in fact, already rendered it impossible for the minister to keep the helm. About the end of March 1782, an entire change took place, and the government of Ireland fell to the share of the duke of Portland. This event occurred at a period when the earl of Carlisle happened to be negotiating the repeal of so much of the statute of George I. as affected the legislative independence of Ireland; and it was accompanied with some circumstances that rendered his recall far from agreeable. The Irish parliament, how ever, was not unmindful of the services of the viceroy; for, after the appointment and arrival of his successor, the house of

commons, on the 15th April, 1782, passed the following vote: "That the thanks of this house be presented to the right honourable Frederic earl of Carlisle, for the wisdom and prudence of his administration, and for his uniform and unremitted attention to promote the welfare of this kingdom." The demise, however, of the marquis of Rockingham dissolved all the hopes and projects of his coadjutors. From that moment, a spirit of personal aggrandizement, which had been checked by his virtues, appeared to infect their councils, and to spread jealousy and suspicion among their ranks. In the subsequent changes, the earl of Carlisle was appointed steward of the household; and soon after lord privy seal. During the discussions that took place in parliament in 1789, relative to the regency, lord Carlisle took an active part in favour of the claims of the heir-apparent; and, when the subject came before the house of peers, he strongly asserted the pretensions of the prince of Wales.

In 1791 he again opposed Mr. Pitt's administration; and when it was determined by the English ministry that Great Britain should arm to oppose the claims of Russia, and vindicate the cause of the Turks against the aggressive measures of Catharine II., the earl of Carlisle vehemently objected to the policy of the administration. In February 1792, when lord Porchester moved a vote of censure on the ministers, for having urged the continuance of the armament against Russia after they had determined to accept the conditions offered by that power, and for having thereby abused the confidence reposed in them by parliament, the earl of Carlisle, at considerable length, supported the motion. On the sudden recall of earl Fitzwilliam from the government of Ireland, that nobleman addressed a letter to his old friend the earl of Carlisle, detailing the principal events of his administration, and explaining the motives by which he had been actuated. This letter was soon after published in Dublin, and a reply appeared in the course of a short time in London; which rendered it evident that the sentiments of the two noble lords were not exactly in unison with respect to Irish affairs. In this reply, after mentioning his early friendship for earl Fitzwilliam, and the continued respect that he entertained for him, lord Carlisle laments that his noble friend "had adopted a system difficult to recede from or abandon, before he had been long enough near the source of real

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