CRAVEN, (William,) a learned divine, born in 1731, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he succeeded to the Arabic professorship on the death of Chappelow, in 1770. He was elected master of his college in 1789. He published, Sermons on the Evidence of a Future State of Rewards and Punishments, 8vo; and The Jewish and Christian Dispensations compared, 8vo. He died in 1815.

CRAWFORD, (David,) a Scotch lawyer, born at Drumfoy, near Glasgow, in 1665. He was made historiographer of Scotland by queen Anne, and, devoting himself to his favourite study of historical antiquities, he published Memoirs of Scotland during the times of the four Regents, 8vo. He died in 1726.

CRAWFORD, (William,) a divine, born at Kelso, and educated at Edinburgh. In 1711 he opposed vigorously the settlement of ministers by presentations, in which he was supported by some of the clergy. In 1734 he also took part with Ralph and Erskine, but did not leave the kirk. He died in 1742. He wrote Dying Thoughts, besides Sermons, 2 vols, 12mo.

CRAYER, (Gaspard de,) a celebrated painter, born at Antwerp in 1582. He was a pupil of Raphael, son of Michael Coxcie, whom he far surpassed. His works met with the marked approbation of Rubens and Vandyck. The style of Crayer resembled very much that of the former master; and if he possessed less fire, he was generally more correct in his design. The principal works of this artist are in Flanders. In the church of Notre Dame, at Brussels, is Christ appearing to Magdalen; in the cathedral at Ghent, the Assumption; and in the church of the Jesuits, the Resurrection. Crayer died in 1669.

CREBILLON, (Prosper Jolyot de,) a French dramatic writer, styled the Eschylus of France, born at Dijon in 1674. He originally studied the law, but the impetuosity of his passions thwarted the views of his friends, and at last he produced the tragedy of Idomenée, which met with applause. This was followed by Atrée, the fame of which was soon eclipsed by his masterpiece, Rhadamiste. His Electra was also much applauded. His Xerxes, Semiramus, and Pyrrhus, met with little success. In 1711 he lost his wife, whose death he feelingly deplored, and he long continued, like most men of letters, exposed to distress and poverty, till a place in the French Academy, and

the office of police censor, rendered his circumstances affluent. His tragedy of Catilina was now advertised, and great were the expectations of the public; the court were determined to patronize him, and the king himself furnished the requisite dresses. It was produced in 1749, and the applause was tumultuous. The public, however, on reading the play began to retract their hasty praise, and it was objected that the tragedy was a very unfaithful picture of the manners of ancient Rome. Le Triumvirat was produced when the author was eighty-one years of age, and had but indifferent success; he also began another tragedy, called Cromwell, about this time, which was never completed. He died in 1762, aged 88.

CREBILLON, (Claude Prosper Jolyot de,) son of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1707. He is known as a writer of romances, some of which are extremely licentious. His works were collected in 11 vols, 12mo, 1779. Crebillon was the friend and correspondent of lord Chesterfield. He died in 1777.

CREECH, (Thomas,) an English poetical translator, born at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, in 1659, and was educated at Sherborne, and Wadham college, Oxford. He distinguished himself by his classical learning; and his translation of Lucretius caused him to be elected fellow of All Souls. In 1699 he was presented by his college to the living of Woburn, in Bedfordshire, but before he went to reside on his living he put a period to his existence at Oxford, in June 1701. Jacob ascribes his death to the moroseness of his temper. He translated Horace, and turned the satires to our own times, observing that Rome was now rivalled in her vices, and that parallels for hypocrisy, profaneness, avarice, and the like, were easy to be found among ourselves.

CREIGHTON, (Robert, D.D.) was the son of Dr. Robert Creighton, of Trinity college, Cambridge, who was afterwards bishop of Bath and Wells, and attended Charles II. during his exile. In his youth he had been taught the rudiments of music, and entering into orders, he seduously applied himself to the study of church music; in which he attained to such a degree of proficiency, as entitled him to a rank among the ablest masters of his time. He died in 1736, at the age of ninety-seven. Dr. Boyce has given to the world an anthem for four voices, "I will arise and go to my father," composed by Dr. Creighton, which no one

can peruse without regretting that it is so short.

CRELL, (Louis Christian,) a German Protestant divine and philosopher, born at Neustadt, in the principality of Coburg, in 1671. He entered at the university of Leipsic in 1690, where he made extraordinary progress in the study of classical literature, philosophy, and theology. In 1699 he was made rector of the school of St. Nicholas, at Leipsic, and assessor of the faculty of philosophy. He wrote, De Civis Innocentis in Manus Hostium ad Nervum Traditione; De Scytala Laconica; De Providentia Dei circa Reges constituendos; De eo quod in Anacreonte venustum ac delicatum est, &c. He died in 1735.

CRELLIUS, (John,) a Socinian writer, born near Nuremberg in 1590. He settled in Poland in 1612, where he became professor to the Unitarians. He died at Racovia in 1633, of an epidemic fever, in his forty-third year. He was a man of extensive reading, and wrote, among other works, several tracts upon the New Testament, and an answer to Grotius' book, De Satisfactione Christi, against Socinus. His works form two vols, fol.

CREMONINI, (Cæsar,) an Italian philosopher, was born at Cento, in the Modenese, in 1550. He was professor at Ferrara and Padua, and published several works in Italian on philosophy, in support of the doctrines of Aristotle, in which he maintained the materiality of the soul. CRENIUS, (Thomas,) corrector of the press at Rotterdam and Leyden, born in the marche of Brandenburg in 1648. His writings, which are in Latin, are very numerous, and chiefly on philological subjects. He died in 1728. His best works are, 1. Consilia et Methodi Studiorum optime Instituendorum. 2. De Philologia. 3. De Eruditione compa

randa.

CRESCENTIUS, (Peter de,) a native of Bologna, where he was born in 1233, who, to avoid the troubles of his country, travelled for thirty years as a law practitioner. On his return he published his valuable work on agriculture, called Opus Ruralium Commodorum, dedicated to Charles II. of Sicily. The best edition is that of Gesner, Leipsic, 1735. It has been translated into various languages.

CRESCIMBENI, (Giovanni Maria,) an Italian poet, born at Macerata, in the marche of Ancona, in 1663. He was founder of the celebrated Arcadian academy for the reformation of learning,

taste, and criticism, of which he was made first director, under the name of Alfesibeo Cario, in 1690. He was eminent both as a poet and a prose writer. His chief works are a valuable history of Italian poetry, reprinted, 6 vols, 4to, Venice, 1731; A History of the Academy of Arcadia, with Anecdotes of its Members, 7 vols, 4to; and a History of Vulgar Poetry, &c. 7 vols, 4to. He died in 1728.

CRESPI, (Danielo,) a painter, born at Milan in 1590. He was a pupil of Procaccini, and although it does not appear that he attended the school of the Caracci, he seems to have followed the principles they adopted. The best works of this master are at Milan, where he died of the plague in 1630.

CRESPI, (Guiseppe Maria,) a painter, born at Bologna in 1665, and called Il Spaganolo, from the showy dress he wore. He was a pupil of Caunti, whom he left to study under Carlo Cignani. He excelled in portrait, and took great delight in painting caricature, in which he displayed great humour. He died in

1747.

CRESSEY, or CRESSY, (Hugh Paulin, or Serenus,) a celebrated English-Romanist divine, born in 1605, at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, and educated there, and at Oxford, where he became fellow of Merton college. He was chaplain to Thomas lord Wentworth, and afterwards to Lucius lord Falkland, in Ireland, from whom he obtained the deanery of Laughlin, and a canonry of Windsor, which, however, he never enjoyed. After the death of Falkland he travelled with Bertie, afterwards lord Falmouth; but while in Italy, listening to the persuasions of Roman Catholic divines, he became a convert, and made a public profession of his faith at Rome in 1646. From Rome he went to Paris, where he published his Exomologesis, or a faithful Narration of the Occasion and Motives of his Conversion to Catholic Unity, 1647. This work the papists then considered, and still consider, to be a complete answer to the writings of the advocates for the Protestant faith, and particularly to the arguments of the learned and judicious Chillingworth. He sent a copy of the work to his friend, Dr. Hammond, who conceived it unnecessary to expose the vein of fallacy which runs through the whole of it; but whose liberality and kindness towards the author induced him to urge his return to his native country, with an assurance that he should be comfortably provided for, and left at perfect liberty on subjects of reli

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gion and conscience. He was next taken under the protection of queen Henrietta, and afterwards retired to the college of Douay, where he changed his name to Serenus de Cressey, and during seven years' residence published several works. At the Restoration he came to England, and was chaplain to queen Catharine, and resided in Somerset-house, in the Strand. But whilst his friends considered him as their ablest champion, the Protestants respected him as a learned, judicious and candid writer. His attack on one of Stillingfleet's works raised against him the censures of his old friend, Clarendon, whom he answered with spirit but moderation. The unpopularity of popery at last induced him to retire to East Grinstead, in Sussex, where he died soon after, in 1674. The work on which he bestowed his chief attention was The Church History of Brittany, from the beginning of the Norman Conquest, under Roman Governors, British Kings, the English-Saxon Heptarchy, the EnglishSaxon and Danish Monarchy, &c. 1668, folio. Of this work only one volume was published; the second, in which he meant to bring down the history to the dissolution of monasteries, was left incomplete at his death.

CRESTI, (Domenico,) a painter, born at Passignano, near Florence, in 1558, and is known by the name of Cavaliere Passignano. He was a pupil of Zucchero, and assisted that artist in several works which proved his abilities. He died in 1638.

CREVIER, (John Baptist Louis,) a French classical scholar and historian, born in 1693, at Paris, where his father was a journeyman printer. He studied under Rollin, and, after his death, became professor of rhetoric in the college of Beauvais. He published an edition of Livy, 6 vols, 4to, Paris, 1735; and 7 vols, 12mo, 1747, with learned and judicious notes, and a preface. A Continuation of Rollin's Roman History, in French. History of the Roman Emperors to Constantine inclusive, Fr. 1749, et seq. 6 vols, 4to, and 12 vols, 12mo; a work of considerable accuracy and research. History of the University of Paris, 7 vols, 12mo. Observations on the Spirit of Laws, 12mo. French Rhetoric, 1765, 2 vols, 12mo. He died in 1765.

CREWE, (Nathaniel,) bishop of Durham, the fifth son of John, lord Crewe, was born at Stean, in Northamptonshire, in 1633, and succeeded to the title of lord Crewe on the death of his

brother, in 1691. He was educated at Lincoln college, Oxford, of which he became fellow and rector. He was chosen proctor of the university in 1663, afterwards clerk of the closet to Charles II., dean of Chichester, bishop of Oxford in 1671, and three years after was translated to Durham. On the accession of James II. he was admitted of the privycouncil, and showed himself very friendly to all the measures of the court, in religion and in politics. He paid particular respect to the pope's nuncio when he came to London, and refused to introduce dean Patrick to the king, because he was too zealous against popery. The unpopularity of James's government, and the landing of the prince of Orange, however, made great alterations in the bishop's conduct. He withdrew from the king's councils, and upon the abdication he expressed a wish to resign his ecclesiastical dignities to Dr. Burnet, with an allowance of 1000l. for life. He afterwards left his retirement, and appeared in parliament; but his name was excepted from the act of indemnity of 1690. His pardon, however, at last was procured by the intercession of his friends. He died in 1721. Notwithstanding his adherence to the violent, illegal, and arbitrary measures of a corrupted court, he was a liberal patron, and was remarkable for his munificence in favour of the indigent, and of public bodies. As he left no issue, the title of baron Crewe of Stean became extinct at his death.

CRICHTON, (James,) a Scotchman of the sixteenth century, whose adventures and endowments have procured him the epithet of "The Admirable," was born in 1551, or, according to lord Buchan, in 1560. His father, Robert Crichton, of Eliock, was lord-advocate of Scotland, and by his mother, who was a Stuart, he was descended from king Robert II. He was educated at Perth, and at the university of St. Andrew's, where, under the tuition of professor Rutherford, he made such progress, that at the age of sixteen he had run through the whole circle of science, and could write and speak ten languages. Thus gifted with mental endowments, and aided by all the advantages of a graceful person, elegant manners, and polite accomplishments, he travelled to Paris, where he publicly challenged the most renowned scholars to dispute with him. On the appointed day he appeared at the college of Navarre, and, from nine in the morning till six in the evening, he so baffled his opponents, and

¿stonished his auditors, that the president, in admiration, with four of the most eminent professors of the university, presented him with a diamond ring, and a purse of gold, as a token of their approbation. The next day, not exhausted by preceding exertions, he appeared at the Louvre, and exhibited such feats in tilting, that, in the presence of the princes of the court, he carried away the ring fifteen times successively. He then went to Rome, where he challenged the wits and the learned of that city to contend with him, in the presence of the pope, the cardinals, and great men of the place. He next repaired to Venice, where he endeavoured to conciliate the public favour by a Latin poem in praise of the city, and where he contracted an acquaintance with several eminent literary characters. Among these was Aldus Manutius, the younger, from whose testimony is collected almost the only authentic account of Crichton's uncommon talents. He afterwards held a disputation before the university of Padua, commencing with an extemporaneous poem in its praise, and maintained for six hours, with the most eminent professors, on a variety of topics, especially the Aristotelian philosophy; all concluded with an unpremeditated oration in praise of ignorance. He then visited Mantua, where he is said to have killed in a duel a famous master of the sword, who had foiled the most eminent fencers of the time, and had lately killed three antagonists. Soon after this, Crichton was chosen by Gonzaga, duke of Mantua, as preceptor to his son, Vincenzo, a riotous and dissolute youth. Not long after, as he was rambling one night of the carnival in the streets of Mantua, with his guitar, he was attacked by some assassins, and, after a brave defence, lost his life; and his own pupil was suspected to have been a contriver and actor in the deed. This is said to have happened in 1583. Much of the disbelief that had long attached to the marvellous story of Crichton has been removed by the researches of Mr. Patrick Fraser Tytler.

CRIGHTON, or CREIGHTON, (Robert,) bishop of Bath and Wells, was born of an ancient family at Dunkeld, in Scotland, in 1593, and was educated at Westminster School, whence, in 1613, he was elected to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he was chosen Greek professor, and university orator. In 1632 he was made treasurer of the cathedral of Wells, and was also canon residentiary, pre

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bendary of Taunton, and had a living in Somersetshire. In the beginning of the rebellion he joined the king's troops at Oxford; but he was obliged afterwards to flee into Cornwall, whence he followed Charles II. abroad, who made him his chaplain, and bestowed on him the deanry of Wells. In 1670 he was promoted to the bishopric of Bath and Wells. He died in 1672. He was accounted a man of much learning, and in the discharge of his duty as a preacher, reproved the vices of the court with great boldness.

CRILLON, (Louis de Berthon de,) a celebrated French general, knight of Malta, descended from an illustrious Italian family, was born in 1541. At the age of fifteen he attracted the notice of Henry II. by his valour at the siege of Calais, and he distinguished himself afterwards against the Huguenots at the battles of Dreux, Jarnac, and Moncontour. At the battle of Lepanto, in 1571, his valour was conspicuously displayed, as well as in the other encounters of these warlike and perilous times, which caused him to be called by Henry IV. "The brave Crillon." At the peace of Vervins he retired to his estates at Avignon, where he died in 1615. Besides incomparable valour, Crillon possessed integrity, honour, and virtue.

CŘILLON MAHON, (Louis de Berton des Balbes de Quiers, duc de,) descended from the preceding, distinguished himself in the seven years' war, and afterwards quitted the service of France for that of Spain, where he was made a grandee of the first order. In the war between England and Spain he was placed at the head of the armies, and had the good fortune to take Minorca, in 1782, in consequence of which he assumed the name of Mahon, from the capital of the island. In his attempts to reduce Gibraltar he was more unfortunate, and saw the measures he adopted all baffled by the superior valour of the English, and the vigilant care of general Elliot. In the revolutionary war he would take no part in the cause of Spain. He died in 1796.

CRINESIUS, (Christopher,) a learned Protestant divine, born at Schlackowald in 1584. He studied at Jena, and afterwards at Wittemberg, where he taught the Oriental languages. He was invited, in 1614, to become pastor at Geschwend, where he remained five years. Ferdinand II. banished all Lutheran preachers and teachers, Crinesius fled to Ratisbon, and afterwards to Nuremberg,

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