He was then made professor of divinity at Altdorff, where he died in 1629. His principal works are:-1. A Dissertation on the Confusion of Tongues. 2. Exercitationes Hebraicæ. 3. Gymnasium et Lexicon Syriacum, 2 vols, 4to. 4. Lingua Samaritica, 4to. 5. Grammatica Chaldaica, 4to. 6. De Auctoritate Verbi Divini in Hebraico Codice, Amsterdam, 1664, in 4to, &c.

CRINITUS, (Peter,) or, more properly, Peter Ricci, an Italian scholar and modern Latin poet, was descended from the noble family of the Ricci, of Florence, was born in 1465. His principal works are entitled, De Honesta Disciplina; and De Poetis Latinis, Paris, 1520, fol. He died in 1505.

CRISP, (Tobias,) the champion of Antinomianism, was born in London in 1600, and educated at Eton and Cambridge, and he afterwards removed to Balliol, Oxford. In 1627 he became rector of Brinkworth, in Wiltshire. He came to London in 1642, where his tenets respecting grace involved him in a controversy with fifty divines. He died in 1642. His sermons were reprinted in 1689, 3 vols, 8vo. He asserts, in his discourse entitled Christ alone exalted, that salvation was completed on the cross, and that belief was all that was required

of the elect.

CRISPIN, or CRESPIN, (John,) an ingenious printer in the sixteenth century, a native of Arras. He was originally clerk to Charles du Moulin, and admitted advocate to the parliament of Paris; but afterwards, forming a friendship with Beza, he embraced the reformed religion, and retired to Geneva, where he gained great reputation by his printing. He is author of a Greek Lexicon, Geneva, 1562, 4to, reprinted in fol. He also published Histoire des Martyrs persécutés et mis à Mort pour la Vérité, &c. depuis Jean Hus, jusqu'au tems présent, ibid. 1570, fol.; and reprinted in 1582, 1597, and 1609. He died in 1572.

CROESE, (Gerard,) a Protestant divine, born at Amsterdam, in 1642. He studied at Leyden, whence he went with a son of the celebrated De Ruyter, to Smyrna, and on his return became pastor of Alblas, near Dort, where he died in 1710. He wrote the History of the Quakers, printed in Dutch in 1695; and translated into English in 1696. It was answered by a Quaker in a work entitled Dilucidationes quædam valdè Necessaria in Gerardi Croesii Hist. 8vo. Croese wrote also a singular book, with the title

of Homerus Hebræus, sive Historia Hebræorum ab Homero, 1704, 4to. The intent of this work is to prove that the Odyssey contains the history of the Jews in the patriarchal ages, and that the Iliad is an account of the siege and capture of Jericho.

CROFT, (Herbert,) an English prelate, descended from an ancient family, was born at Great Milton, Oxfordshire, in 1603. He was sent early to Christ Church, Oxford; but upon the conversion of his father to popery, he was removed from the university, and placed at Douay, and afterwards at St. Omer's. A visit to England, on family affairs, introduced him to the acquaintance of Morton, bishop of Durham, who persuaded him to return to the Protestant faith, and, by the advice of Laud, he again entered at Christ Church. He was next preferred to a living in Gloucestershire, and to another in Oxfordshire, and, in 1639, he was made prebendary of Salisbury. He was afterwards prebendary of Worcester, canon of Windsor, and, in 1644, dean of Hereford. At the Restoration he was raised to the see of Hereford, in 1661, which he refused to quit for higher preferment. His small treatise, entitled The Naked Truth, or the true State of the Primitive Church, printed at a private press, was published in 1675, when the papists hoped to take advantage of the quarrels of the nonconformists with the church of England, and it became a popular work, which not only drew the attention of parliament to the subject, but produced some severe attacks against it. One of these, by Dr. Turner, of St. John's college, Cambridge, was answered by Andrew Marvell, who applauded the bishop's works, and ably defended his principles. Besides this, he published some Occasional Sermons, Religious Tracts, A Legacy to his Diocese, and, in 1685, Animadversions on Burnet's Theory of the Earth. In the latter part of his life he wished to resign his bishopric from some scruples of conscience. He died in 1691.

CROFT, (William, Mus. Doc.,) an excellent composer of cathedral music, born in Warwickshire, in 1677, and educated in the Chapel Royal, under Dr. Blow. In 1700 he was admitted a gentleman extraordinary of the Chapel Royal, and in 1704 was appointed joint organist of the same with Jeremiah Clark, whom he succeeded in 1707. In 1708 he succeeded Dr. Blow as organist of Westminster Abbey, and as master of the children, and composer to the Chapel Royal. In

smith, and afterwards a brewer, at Putney, in Surrey. His education, like his origin, was low, but he possessed strong natural parts, which he improved by indefatigable application. He was at Antwerp for some time, as clerk to the English factory; and afterwards travelled on the continent as the private agent of the king; and, in the character of a soldier, he was engaged with the constable Bourbon at the sacking of Rome. On his return to England he was admitted into Wolsey's family, and completely gained his confidence and friendship, which he repaid with the strongest attachment, and by a most able defence of him in the House of Commons, when he was impeached. After Wolsey's fall, he served the king with equal fidelity, and was rewarded with honours and riches. He gradually rose to be a privy-councillor, chancellor of the exchequer, secretary of state, master of the rolls, keeper of the privy seal, chancellor of the university of Cambridge, and visitor-general of English monasteries. His zeal in promoting the Reformation was very acceptable to the king, and he not only seconded Henry's views in the dissolution of the abbeys and monasteries, but largely shared in the spoils of the plundered church. He soon resigned the mastership of the rolls, and was created baron Cromwell, of Okeham, in Rutlandshire, and was appointed vicar-general and vice-regent, in all religious matters, the next in authority to the king, who was now the supreme head of the English church. His friendship with Cranmer was intimate, and their views respecting the Reformation were very similar. As it was his object to destroy the pope's authority, he circulated new articles of faith, and enjoined the clergy to preach the king's supremacy, to remove images from their altars, and to promote the religious education of the young. He also commanded English Bibles to be placed in the churches. In 1537 he was appointed chief-justice of all forests beyond Trent, and was elected knight of the Garter, and nominated dean of Wells. In 1538 he was made constable of Carisbrook castle, and obtained a grant of the castle and lordship of Okeham. About this time he issued various injunctions to the clergy, by one of which parish-registers were established; and in 1539, after having received from the king several monastic manors and valuable estates, was created earl of Essex, and named lord-chamberlain of England. Gardiner (bishop of Winchester) and his party had

gained some ascendency over the king, and in proportion as the power of these advocates of the Roman Catholic faith increased, the influence of the reformers declined, and both they and their doctrines became unacceptable at court. In order to regain his former ground, or at least to entrench himself firmly in the powerful position which he still retained, Cromwell lost no opportunity of promoting Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves. Anne and all her friends were Lutherans, and Cromwell counted upon great support from a queen of his own choice, whose religious opinions were in direct opposition to the Roman Catholics. The complete failure of this scheme became the ruin of its contriver. An aversion to the promoter of the marriage quickly followed the king's disgust and disappointment at his ill-favoured bride, and Henry now willingly opened his ears to the flood of complaints which were poured into them from every quarter. Cromwell was arrested on the 10th of June, 1540, and committed to prison; on the 17th he was accused in the House of Lords, which sent the bill of attainder down to the House of Commons on the 19th. Here some objections were raised against the bill; but after a delay of ten days a new bill was framed by the Commons, which the Lords afterwards passed. This bill contained twelve articles of impeachment. To these accusations he was not allowed to answer in court. He was kept in close custody for six weeks; but the charms of Catharine Howard and the endeavours of the duke of Norfolk and the bishop of Winchester prevailed, and Henry signed a warrant for his execution, which took place on Tower-hill on the 28th of July, 1540.

CROMWELL, (Oliver,) the son of Robert Cromwell, second son of Sir Henry Cromwell, of Hinchinbrocke, in the county of Huntingdon, was born at Huntingdon, on the 25th of April, 1599. He received his earlier education at the free-school in that town, where he evinced neither amenity of temper nor closeness of application. From school he was removed, in April 1616, to Sidney college, Cambridge, where he spent much of his time at foot-ball, cricket, and other robust exercises, for his skill in which he was distinguished. On the death of his father, which took place when he had been about two years at college, he returned home; where the irregularity of his conduct caused such uneasiness to his mother, that, by the advice of her friends, she sent

him to Lincoln's-inn. But here, instead of applying to the study of the law, he gave himself up to the vices of the town, and soon squandered what his father had left him. When he was twenty-one years of age, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Bouchier, of Essex. Soon after, he returned to Huntingdon, where he suddenly renounced his profligate course of life, became attached to the Puritans, and made his house an asylum for the disaffected clergy. Some time after, he removed into the Isle of Ely, where his uncle had left him an estate of 400l. a year, and then he relinquished the principles of the church of England, and became a zealous Puritan. He was elected into parliament in 1628, and distinguished himself by his violence against the bishops; but the warmth with which he supported ministers of his own persuasion soon reduced his fortunes, and obliged him to take a farm at St. Ives. For five years he endeavoured to improve his income in agricultural pursuits; but instead of increasing it, he nearly ruined himself; and in 1637 he determined to emigrate to America, but was prevented from doing so by a proclamation against emigration. As he had acquired some distinction among the Puritans for his gift of preaching and praying, he had the interest, by means of people of his persuasion, to recommend himself to the corporation of Cambridge, and to be chosen their representative in the short-lived parliament of 1640. In the house he was a frequent, but inelegant, speaker. He exclaimed warmly against grievances in Church and State, and zealously promoted the remonstrance of November 1641, which laid the basis of civil war. Courted by the leading men of the opposition, by his relation, Hampden, by Pym, and others, who knew his firmness and his devotion, he became well acquainted with the intrigues of the times, and when the parliament resolved, in 1642, to levy war, he went to Cambridge, where he raised a troop of horse, of which he took the command; and in this attempt he evinced such judgment and activity, that in a few months he acquired the character of a good officer, and his soldiers were the best disciplined in the kingdom. He soon had an opportunity of distinguishing himself at the battle of Marston-moor, on the 3d of July, 1644, where his cavalry, called Ironsides, changed the fortune of the day, and ensured victory wherever they appeared. At the second battle of Newbury his

intrepidity was again conspicuous; and his valour and services were regarded as so extraordinary, that he was called the saviour of the nation; and in the "selfdenying ordinance," which was passed by the parliament for the exclusion of officers from seats in the house, Cromwell alone was exempted. His successes continued to ensure the approbation of the republicans, and the fatal battle of Naseby, (14th of June, 1646,) established his triumph as the ablest general of the time. He was thanked by the parliament, and rewarded with a pension. But while the popular leaders considered him as fully devoted to their service, they soon saw cause to doubt his sincerity. When the king had thrown himself into the hands of the Scotch, and had been shamefully sold to the English, the parliament began to regard the army, whose services had ensured them the victory, as useless and dangerous, and therefore ordered part of it to be disbanded. But Cromwell, by his intrigues, prevented the execution of their plans: and, while he stepped forth as the advocate of their rights against the tyranny of the parliament, he secured fully to his person the attachment of the soldiers. No sooner was the king lodged in Holmby castle, than the artful general made himself master of his person by means of cornet Joyce; and thus by declaring himself the arbiter of his fate, he was courted and flattered both by the unfortunate Charles, who wished for his own release, and by the parliament, who laboured for his destruction. Cromwell at last took the bold measure of excluding from the House of Commons those members whom he knew to be averse to his schemes of ambition, and the trial of the devoted monarch soon after followed. Cromwell acted openly as one of his judges, and signed the warrant for his execution. The government was now placed in the hands of a council of state, whose decisions were directed by the artful general. Satisfied that the spirit of insubordination was at length subdued in England and Scotland, he embarked with an army for Ireland (1649), where he quickly routed the enemies of the republic. In 1650 he returned to London, and was publicly thanked for his services by the submissive Commons, who invested him with the chief command of the army in Scotland, where Charles II. had been acknowledged king. He marched to the north with his usual rapidity, and on the 3d of September, 1650, he defeated the Scotch

army in a dreadful battle at Dunbar, and the next year he completed the ruin of Charles's fortunes by his victory at Worcester. Cromwell now seeing that his power depended on the will of the parliament, determined to dismiss it. The dismissal of the parliament was followed by that of the council of state, and the appointment of a body of officers subordinate to the usurper's authority. Though he permitted a mock assembly to be called, under the name of the council of state, he was soon after displeased with their conduct, and, by the voice of his general officers, he assumed the title of Protector of the Commonwealth of England, and was invested with the new office on the 16th of December, 1653. Thus absolute in the government, he appointed a council of state, and adopted such measures as might give stability to his power, and add to the security and independence of the kingdom. Peace was made with Sweden, Holland, Portugal, and France, the most upright judges filled the courts of Westminster Hall, and liberty of conscience was allowed. Notwithstanding the popularity of his measures, however, he met with opposition from the people; and the parliament, which he assembled with great solemnity, presuming to dispute the legality of his office, was dismissed with a severe reprimand. In 1655, though threatened with conspiracies, he supported with a vigorous hand the honour of the nation. Blake conquered Jamaica, and humbled the native powers on the Mediterranean shores, who had plundered the British commerce, and a treaty of offensive alliance was formed with France against the Spaniards in the Netherlands, and Dunkirk was taken possession of by the English. The expenses of government, however, were such, that the protector called another parliament, (19th of September, 1656,) but, to ensure their obedience, he obliged them, at the door of the house, to swear allegiance to his person. This had due effect; the members, awed into deference for his power, not only voted him supplies, but decreed new statutes for the security of his authority. Though, however, he refused the title of king, he assumed the power of creating peers; and again, to give greater dignity to his authority, he was in 1657 a second time inaugurated protector in Westminster Hall, with all the pride and pomp of a coronation. At the end of a year his fears were alarmed by the publication of Killing no Murder, a

pamphlet by colonel Titus, which directed against him the dagger of every bold assassin; and in 1658 he felt not a little disappointment at the conduct of his parliament, which he addressed as composed of lords and commons, in the usual language of the kings of England, though none of the ancient nobility condescended to appear among them. These open insults, together with the secret machinations of his enemies and the general odium of the people, occasioned him great uneasiness, which was increased by the death of his favourite daughter, Mrs. Claypole, who on her death-bed bitterly reproached him with the tyranny of his conduct. The severe agitation of his mind at last subverted the powers of his constitution. His deportment became altered, he grew reserved and suspicious; and the attacks of a slow fever were succeeded by a tertian ague. Though the disorder seemed at first not alarming, his physicians perceived his danger; but, regardless of their intimations, he depended upon the prayers of the godly for recovery, and hoped that the interference of Heaven would be exerted for his preservation. His disorder proved fatal on the 3d of September, 1658. His body was carried with great funeral pomp from Somerset House, and buried in the chapel of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey; but after the Restoration it was taken up, and hung at Tyburn, and then thrown into a hole beneath the gallows. Cromwell, in his religious opinions, was a wavering fanatic; and, though grave and demure, he had the hypocrisy to adopt such tenets only as tended best to secure his usurpation. Of all his children only six lived to maturity. Richard, his successor, who held the protectorate with feeble hands, and resigned it for a life of ease and obscurity, was born on the 4th of October, 1626, and died at Cheshunt, July 13th, 1712: Henry, born 20th of January, 1627, was lieutenant of Ireland, and died 25th of March, 1674: Bridget, who married Ireton, and afterwards general Fleetwood: Elizabeth, his favourite daughter, who married Mr. Claypole, of Northamptonshire: Mary, who married lord Fauconberg, and is supposed to have interested herself warmly for the restoration of Charles II., and died March 1712: and Frances, the youngest, who married Mr. Rich, grandson to lord Warwick, and afterwards Sir John Russel of Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. Cromwell's wife, who could boast of few personal attractions,