was, however, a woman of masculine powers of mind, and gloried in the elevation to which her husband's guilty ambition, spurred on by her constant exhortations, had raised her family. She survived for some years the downfal of his power, and of that of her son, and died in retirement in 1672.

CROON, or CROUNE, (William,) a physician, born in London, and educated at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1659 he was chosen professor of rhetoric at Gresham college, and at the Restoration he was appointed registrar of the Royal Society. He was also created doctor of physic by royal mandate; and in 1670 he was chosen lecturer in anatomy to the Company of Surgeons, on which he resigned his professorship. He published, De Ratione Motus Musculorum, 4to, and some papers in the Philosophical Transactions. He founded a course of algebraic lectures in seven colleges at Cambridge, and also a yearly anatomical lecture in the Royal Society. He died in 1684.

CROSS, (Michael,) an English painter, who was sent by Charles I. to copy several pieces in Italy. Having obtained leave to copy Raphael's Madonna, in St. Mark's church, at Venice, he carried off the original, leaving his copy in its place. This picture was bought by the Spanish ambassador, and is now in the Escurial. -LOUIS CROSS was also a good copyist, and died in 1724.

CROUSAZ, (John Peter de,) a celebrated mathematician, born at Lausanne in 1663. On completing his education at Geneva, he visited Leyden and Paris, and returning to his native city in 1684, was appointed pastor of the church there. In 1699 he was made professor of Greek and philosophy, and subsequently filled the chair of divinity in the college of Lausanne in 1706, of which he was appointed rector, an office he again held in 1722. The university of Gröningen elected him philosophical and mathematical professor in 1724, and in 1726 the education of prince Frederic of Hesse-Cassel was entrusted to his charge. He became in 1737 for a second time professor of philosophy at Lausanne, where he died in 1750. He wrote An Essay on Logic; A Treatise on Education; a work on geometry; and a criticism on Pope's Essay on Man.

CROWLEY, (Robert,) a divine and poet, who lived in the sixteenth century. He studied at Magdalen college, Oxford,

of which he was chosen a probationer fellow in 1542. In the beginning of the reign of Edward VI. he settled in London, as a printer and bookseller; but being a zealous reformer, he, on the accession of Mary, fled to Frankfort. On the accession of Elizabeth he returned to England, and was made archdeacon of Hereford, and in 1558 he was collated to a prebend at St. Paul's, London. Subsequently he became vicar of St. Giles's, Cripplegate, and in 1575 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Lawrence, Jewry. He died in 1588. He wrote Epigrams in Verse, and was the first editor of the Vision of Piers Plowmai..

CROXALL, (Samuel,) a divine of the eighteenth century, born at Walton-uponThames, and educated at Eton, and St. John's college, Cambridge. At the university he wrote the Fair Circassian, a licentious imitation of the Song of Solomon. He obtained the living of Hampton, Middlesex, the parish of St. Mary Somerset and Mountshaw, London, and became chancellor, prebendary, and canon of Hereford, archdeacon of Salop, and rector of Sellek. His politics inclined to the Whigs, and hence in queen Anne's reign he wrote in their support, and published his two cantos in imitation of Spenser, to satirize Harley's administration. He wrote besides, The Vision, a poem addressed to lord Halifax; The Fables of Esop; Scripture Politics; The Royal Manual, and all the dedications prefixed to Select Novels. He died, at a great age, in 1752.

CROZE, (Mathurin Veyssiere la,) a French writer, celebrated for his knowledge of oriental literature, born at Nantes, in 1661. He was attached to the order of the Benedictines, but on visiting Berlin he left that society, and abjured the Romish faith. In 1696 he was appointed librarian to the Academy of Sciences, and shortly afterwards obtained the professorship of philosophy. He died at Berlin in 1739. He was the author of Histoire du Christianisme des Indes, and A Dictionary of the Coptic Language. He was the intimate friend of Leibnitz, and his correspondence with contemporary scholars was published by professor Uhl at Leipsic in 1746.

CRUDEN, (Alexander,) was born in 1701, at Aberdeen, and educated at Marischal college. He settled in London in 1728, and kept a bookseller's shop under the Royal Exchange, but maintained himself chiefly by superintending publications for the press. In 1737 his

Concordance was published; and an improved edition of it appeared in 1761. He also compiled the elaborate Index appended to bishop Newton's edition of Milton. Cruden was occasionally deranged. About the year 1738 he went on a romantic mission to reform the English universities, and was soon after confined at Chelsea. He was a second time in confinement in a lunatic asylum, and was at last found dead, in a praying posture, at Islington, on the 1st of November, 1770. CRUIKSHANK, (William.) an eminent anatomist, born in 1745 at Edinburgh, where his father was examiner in the excise office. At first he was placed at the university of Glasgow, where he studied those sciences with great diligence for eight years. In 1771 he went to London, and having obtained a recommendation to Dr. Hunter, was appointed his librarian. During Dr. Hunter's lifetime he acted as his anatomical assistant, and on his death he, in conjunction with Dr. Baillie, continued the school in Windmill-street. In 1786 he published his Anatomy of the Absorbent Vessels, which at once established his reputation, and was republished on the continent. About this time, also, he had ascertained the important fact, that when portions of nerves are cut out of a living animal, they may be regenerated; but the paper on this subject, which he read before the Royal Society, was not published in their Transactions till 1794, owing, as was rumoured, to the interference of Sir J. Pringle, who objected to their insertion, because they opposed the opinions of Haller. In 1795 he published his experiments on Insensible Perspiration. He is recorded as one of the medical attendants of Dr. Johnson in his last illness. He died in 1800.

CRUSIUS, or KRAUS, (Martin,) a native of Bamberg, professor of belleslettres at Tubingen, and the first who taught Greek in Germany. He is the learned compiler of Turco-Græciæ libri octo, 1584; Annales Suevici ad ann. 1549; Germano-Græciæ libri sex, 1585, fol. He died in 1607.

CTESIPHON, an Athenian, whose attempt to decree a golden crown to Demosthenes was opposed by Eschines, and produced the two famous orations of the rival orators, De Coronâ.

CUBLAI-KHAN, son of Tuli, and grandson of Jenghiz-Khan, was proclaimed grand khan of the Mogul nation on the death of his elder brother Mangu, or Muncaca, A. D. 1260. On receiving

the news of his accession, he marched into Tartary to encounter his brother Aric-boga, who had assumed the title of grand khan at Caracorum, and who was at last defeated and made prisoner in 1264. Thus securely fixed on the throne, Cublai turned his attention to completing the conquest of China, by the subjugation of the southern provinces. The war accordingly commenced in 1272; and the fortified towns were successively reduced, till the Moguls, in 1276, formed the siege of the capital city of Kinsai. The empress, who was regent for her son Kongtsong, an infant six years old, submitted to the Mogul general, and was sent with her son to the presence of Cublai, who, after receiving their homage in his capital of Khan-Baligh, or Pekin, sent them prisoners into Tartary. But the Chinese leaders proclaiming another of the young princes, still continued the hopeless contest, till their fleet being surrounded during a naval action by that of the Mogul's, one of their generals sprung into the sea with the young emperor Ti-ping in his arms, thus closing the line of Song, A. D. 1280. All China was now reunited, as it has ever since continued, under a single sovereign; and Cublai assumed the Chinese title of Chitsou, as the first of the new dynasty of Yuen, the twentieth reckoned in Chinese history. He died in 1294, in the 80th year of his age, and thirty-fifth of his reign; and was succeeded, in obedience to his last injunctions, by his grandson Timour Khan. Cublai has been called by the Jesuit Mailla, "the greatest and most fortunate prince who ever reigned;" and these epithets scarcely appear misplaced; he was, moreover, a munificent patron of science and letters, but his great qualities were sullied by avarice, and his devotion to the superstitious observances of the Lamas was displeasing to his subjects. (De Guignes. Du Halde. Gibbon, &c.)

CUDWORTH, (Ralph,) a celebrated divine, born in 1617, at Aller, in Somersetshire, where his father was rector. He was of Emmanuel college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow and tutor. In 1641 he was presented to the rectory of North Cadbury, in Somersetshire, and the following year he published his Discourse concerning the true notion of the Lord's Supper, and afterwards his treatise, The Union of Christ and the Church, in a Shadow. In 1644 he was appointed master of Clare hall, and the year after regius professor of Hebrew. In 1647

he preached before the House of Commons, for which he received the thanks of the house. In 1654 he was elected master of Christ's college. He was, in 1657, one of those who were consulted by parliament about the English transla tion of the Bible, and by his learning he gained the friendship of Whitelocke, and of Thurloe, the able secretary of the two protectorates. In 1662 he was presented by Sheldon, bishop of London, to the vicarage of Ashwell, in Hertfordshire. In 1678 he was installed prebendary of Gloucester, and he then published in folio his famous work, The True Intellectual System of the Universe; wherein the reason and philosophy of Atheism are confuted, and its impossibility demonstrated. This work, from its nature and importance, had many assailants, and a warm dispute was raised in consequence between the author and Le Clerc. The work was translated into Latin in 1733, by the learned Mosheim, and the original was republished in 1743, in 2 vols, 4to, by Dr. Birch, with large additions, and with an accurate statement of all the quotations, and a life of the author by the editor. Cudworth died at Cambridge in 1688, and was buried in Christ's college chapel. Of his posthumous works, which were a continuation of his Intellectual System, one was published by Chandler, bishop of Durham, in 1731, called A Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, intended chiefly against Hobbes and others. His only daughter, DaMARIS, married Sir Francis Masham, and was distinguished as much for her learning and genius, as for all the attractive graces of her sex.

CÜFF, (Henry,) was born at Hinton St. George, in Somersetshire, in 1560. He entered Trinity college, Oxford; but on being expelled for indulging in some witticisms, he was admitted into Merton college, of which he became Greek professor. Weary of leading a secluded life, he joined the earl of Essex, and was appointed secretary to that nobleman when he was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He also accompanied him in his expedition to Cadiz ; but this proved his ruin; for on the seizure of Essex he made such a confession as led to the apprehension of Cuff, who was tried, and sentenced to be hanged. He was executed at Tyburn in 1601. He was the author of The Differences of the Ages of Man's Life; and his learning and genius are evinced by the several curious manuscripts which he left.

CUJACIUS, or CUJAS, (James,) a French jurist, born at Toulouse in 1520. He attained such a knowledge of the law as to be appointed successively professor of that science in Cahors, Bourges, and in his native city. He died at Bourges in 1590. His works, extending to 5 vols, fol. were published at Paris in 1584, and were reprinted with additional tracts in 10 vols, fol. in 1658.

CULLEN, (William,) an eminent physician, born in Lanarkshire in 1712.* He served his time with a surgeon and apothecary at Glasgow, and then went as surgeon in a vessel from London to the West Indies. On his return he settled at Shotts, and afterwards at Hamilton, where an accidental introduction to the duke of Hamilton laid the foundation of his advancement. By the advice of his patron he removed to Glasgow, where he obtained an appointment in the university. It was about this time that he formed an intimacy and partnership with the celebrated William Hunter. In 1740 he took his degree of M.D., and in 1746 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at Glasgow, and in 1751 was nominated king's professor of medicine. In 1756 he was invited by the university of Edinburgh to the vacant chair of chemistry. The mildness of his manners recommended him not less than his professional knowledge; and so well established was his merit, that he was made professor of medicine by the magistrates of Edinburgh, on the death of Dr. Alston, in 1763. He published the lectures which he delivered, in consequence of the appearance of a surreptitious copy. He at last resigned his office to Dr. Black, in consequence of his growing infirmities, though he afterwards joined Dr. Gregory as candidate for giving lectures on the practice of physic. These illustrious coadjutors lectured alternately till the death of Dr. Gregory, and then Dr. Cullen succeeded to the care of all the pupils, and continued in that office till within a few months of his death, which took place on the 5th of February, 1790. He published an edition of his Lectures on the Materia Medica, in 1772, and in a more improved state, with additions, in 2 vols, 4to, 1789. In 1784 he published his First Lines of the Practice of Physic, in 4 vols, 8vo; but his best work is the Synopsis Nosologiæ Practicæ, 2 vols, 8vo. He also printed a small piece on the recovery of drowned persons.

CULLUM, (Sir John,) an eminent antiquary, born in 1733, and educated at

Catharine hall, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards fellow. In 1762 he was presented to the rectory of Hawsted, in Suffolk; and in 1774 he was instituted to the vicarage of Great Thurlow, in the same county. His History of the Parish of Hawsted and Hardwick House, was originally published as the twenty-third number of the Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, and was republished in 1813. He wrote also Observations on Cedars, and on Yew Trees in Churchyards. He died in 1785.

CULPEPPER, (Nicholas,) an English astrologer and herbalist, born in London, in 1616. He was son of a clergyman, and after spending a short time at Cambridge, he was placed under an apothecary, and afterwards settled in Spitalfields, where he opposed the College of Physicians, and in 1649 published a translation of their Dispensary. He also printed an Herbal, which has gone through numerous editions. He died in

1654.

CUMBERLAND, (Richard,) a dramatic and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1732. He commenced his studies at Westminster School, and in 1750 went to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. On lord Halifax being appointed viceroy of Ireland, Cumberland accompanied him to that country as secretary. Returning to England, he obtained the office of clerk of reports, and subsequently of secretary to the board of trade and plantations. He went on a mission to Lisbon and Madrid in 1780, but having exceeded his powers, he was recalled in the following year. Shortly afterwards the board of trade was broken up by Mr. Burke's economy bill, which deprived him of his situation, and he retired with but a trifling pension to Tunbridge Wells, and devoted himself entirely to literature. He died in London on the 7th of May, 1811. Cumberland's chief merit was as a dramatist, and his remarkable vanity did not escape the attack of Sheridan, who has introduced him in his farce of The Critic in the character of Sir Fretful Plagiary. Among the numerous plays of Cumberland, The West Indian, The Jew, and The Wheel of Fortune, are the best. He is the author of three novels, Arundel, Henry, and John de Lancaster, and a series of miscellaneous papers called The Observer, besides a very entertaining work in 2 vols, Anecdotes of the Spanish Painters.

CUNEUS, (Peter,) a learned lawyer, professor at Leyden, was born at Flush

ing in 1586. He was educated for the Church; but the rancour of the theological disputes of the times disgusted him, and he applied himself to belles-lettres and to the law. He was a man of great learning, and is commended by Vossius, Casaubon, Scaliger, and others. He died in 1638. He wrote, among other valuable works, De Republicâ Hebræorum; Satira Menippæa, in sui Sæculi Homines inepte Eruditos; remarks on Nonius' Dionysiaca; A Translation of Julian's Cæsars, &c.

CUNINGHAM, (William,) a physician, who, as bishop Tanner informs us, resided in Colman-street, London. He lived at Norwich about 1559; but in 1563 was a public lecturer in Surgeons' Hall, London. He was a man of great learning as an astronomer and physician, and was equally eminent as an ingenious

engraver on copper.

CUNNINGHAM, (Alexander,) a Scotch historian, born at Ettrick, near Selkirk, in 1654. He was educated in Holland, where, no doubt, he imbibed all the principles of government then fashionable, and where he became acquainted with the fugitive lords Sutherland and Argyle. He came over with William III. at the Revolution, and maintained an intimacy with the most popular members of government. He was for many years employed as travelling tutor to lord Hyndford and his brother William, and afterwards to lord Lorne and viscount Lonsdale; and during his visits to the courts on the continent, he had the means of making important observations on the manners and politics of various countries, which he communicated in confidence to the king and to his ministers. To this may be attributed the vast information which he manifests in his writings, and the great military knowledge which he displays, and which he derived from the friendship of his pupil lord Lorne, afterwards so famous as John, duke of Argyle. At the accession of George I. he was sent as envoy to the Venetian republic, where he resided five years, till 1720. His History of Great Britain, from the Revolution to the Accession of George I. appeared in 2 vols, 4to, 1787, translated into English from the Latin manuscript by Dr. W. Thomson. To Cunningham some have likewise attributed the celebrated criticisms on Horace, 2 vols, 8vo, 1721, and those posthumous remarks on Virgil published 1742; but by those who have examined the subject with care, the matter is left doubtful.

CUNNINGHAM, (John,) a poet

and dramatic performer, born at Dublin in 1729. He wrote, when but seventeen years of age, a farce called Love in a Mist, which was received with such applause as to induce the author to adopt the profession of an actor. In 1761 he produced his Elegy on a Pile of Ruins. This was followed by his Landscape, and other poems. He died at Newcastleupon-Tyne, in 1773.

CUNNINGHAM, (Allan,) was born of humble parentage at Blackwood, in Dumfriesshire, in 1786. At an early age he was taken from school, and apprenticed to a common mason at Nithsdale; but his genius soon raised him from the condition in which he was placed by fortune, and the praise which followed his first poetic attempts led him to literary pursuits. Determined to follow this object, he came to London in 1810, and soon after his arrival obtained an engagement on the daily press of the metropolis as a reporter, at the same time furnishing articles to the Literary Gazette and other periodicals. He subsequently appeared as the author of the novels of Paul Jones, and Sir Michael Scott, and published some poetic effusions. He next entered into the service of Sir Francis Chantry, and with that celebrated sculptor he continued as assistant in his studies till the death of his employer. Cunningham found leisure while in this situation to devote a portion of his time to literature. He produced a memoir of Burns, and The Lives of the British Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Only two nights before his death, which occurred 29th October, 1842, he completed the biography of his friend Sir David Wilkie. CUPER, (Gilbert,) a learned professor of history, and burgomaster of Daventer, was born at Hemmen, in Gueldres, in 1644. He wrote Observationes Criticæ et Chronologicæ, 3 vols, 4to. Apotheosis Homeri, 4to. History of the Three Gordians. A Collection of Letters. He

died in 1716.

CURCELLÆUS, (Stephen,) an eminent divine, born at Geneva in 1586. After residing for some time in France, he settled at Amsterdam, where he was followed by the Arminians, and where he succeeded Episcopius as divinity professor. He was an able critic and a great linguist, and wrote several theological tracts. He published a new edition of the Greek Testament, with various readings, and with a copious dissertation. Polemburg, the successor of Curcellæus in the professor's chair, has prefixed an

account of his life to the folio edition of his works. He died at Amsterdam in 1658.

CURIO, (Cælius Secundus,) was born at San Chirico, in Piedmont, in 1503. His abjuration of the Romish religion for the tenets of Luther exposed him to the persecution of the papists, and he was seized and confined in the prison of Turin by the bishop. He, however, escaped and fled to Salo and Pavia; but the influence of the pope still persecuted him over Italy, till he took refuge at Lausanne, where he became principal of the college. He afterwards removed to Basle, where for twenty-two years, till his death, in 1569, he continued to fill the chair of eloquence and belles-lettres. His work, De Amplitudine Beati Regni Dei, 1550, in 8vo, is a curious composition. He wrote besides, Opuscula, 8vo; Letters; Calvinus Judaisans, &c.

CURL, (Edmund,) a bookseller, whose name has obtained immortality in Pope's Dunciad. He was born in the west of England, and kept a shop in the neighbourhood of Covent-garden, where the books he published were generally enlarged by wretched notes, forged letters, and bad plates. He lost his ears for publishing several licentious pieces. died in 1748.

He

CURRAN, (John Philpot,) a celebrated member of the Irish bar, born at Newmarket, near Cork, in 1750, of very. humble parentage. Having obtained a sizarship in the Dublin university, he received his education free of expense, and was enabled in a short time to enter himself as a student in one of the inns of court in London, and was called to the bar in 1775. His brilliant qualities soon became known, and he was employed to defend several persons charged with political offences, when his powers of eloquence, his wit and sarcasm, proved so irresistible, that he quickly rose to the highest reputation in his profession. In 1784 he obtained a silk gown, and about the same period he took his seat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Doneraile. His celebrated defence of Archibald Hamilton Rowan in 1794 still further increased his fame; while his place in parliament afforded him opportunities for the display of his brilliant oratorical powers. On Mr. Ponsonby being appointed lord chancellor, Mr.Curran was made master of the rolls, a situation which he held till 1814, when he resigned on obtaining a pension of 3000l. a year. On his resignation he visited England, and