fome, a fpirit of fcandal, and a de- | light to fabricate flanderous reports; if most people will alfo retain a propensity to listen to whatever comes from fuch a fource; let us act with fome degree of impartiality; and, before we credit, as undoubted truth, tales injurious to the reputation of another, examine whether what we have heard does not bear the moit flagrant marks of falfehood. By acting in this manner, we shall be enabled to discover fiction from truth, and we fhall frequently find, the perfon accufed is innocent; for it is the province of great minds to vindicate the characters of the abfent, when unjustly afperfed by the tongue of scandal. JUNIUS MINOR. which defcends by a gentle declivity, and lies to the fouth of the river; the other part communicates with the island by two large wooden bridges. St. Peter's church is a vat structure, built in the Gothic tafte, and has three towers, the leat of which is covered with tin plates. The arfenal contains arms, it is faid, for 12,000 men, and there is a trong garrifon. The college, which has been famous ever fince the celebrated Calvin taught divinity in it, and in which there is a magnificent and valuable library, is well worthy obfervation. Befides St. Peter's church, the ancient cathedral, in which are the tombs of the great proteftant general, Henry duke of Rohan, and Theodore Beza, there are two churches in the great town, and one in the leffer, bendes places of worship for refugees and profelytes from Italy and other DESCRIPTION of the CITY of countries. In all the streets, which GENEVA. (With a View elegantly engraved.) are large and handsome, are fountains and canals of water; most of the houses, especially the modern ones, are of hewn flone. The THE city of Geneva, the capi- number of inhabitants is estimated tal of the republic of that name, is fituated near the confines of France and Switzerland, on the river Rhone, at the western extremity of the Leman lake, and near the efflux of the river out of it. It is confiderable not only for antiquity, extent, and power, but for its advantageous fituation, being, in a manner, the rampart and key of Switzerland, efpecially of the canton of Berne, as lying between France and Savoy. It is the largest and most flourishing city of Switzerland, and the inhabitants equally cultivate trade and letters. It is well bullt, rich, and ftrongly fortified. It is divided by the river Rhone into two unequal parts, and which alfo forms an ifle, full of elegant houfes, and where is an ancient ftructure called the tower of Cæfar. The largest part is built on a hill, 8 at about 30,000. Towards the lake, all the port is fenced with double and triple rows of huge pofts driven into the water, with only a narrow paffage for the boats, which is fhut up every night with large chains; and on the land fide are baftions, with feveral other works and ditches. The dukes of Savoy have made feveral attempts formerly on this city; and an auniverfary celebration of its deliverance from one of thefe, in 1602, is obferved ftil!, every 22d of December. The fortifications, which are after the modern manner, are both a defence and ornament to the city, on account of the fine walks on them. Thefe have been repaired and augmented from time to time; but, in 1734, the contributions required on this account. were fo great, that they caufed an infurrection, which was Chamberry, and 60 N. E. of Lyons; in lat. 46°, 31' N. and lon. from London, 6o 12' W. was not prefently pacified; for the The fupreme authority of the republic of Geneva is lodged in the great council of two hundred, except fo far as it is fubject to the General Affembly, which meets every five years. From the great council they chufe twenty seven, of which fixteen are the heads of the republic, and are called Syndics; but of these only four at a time are in office, which continues for a year; fo' that in four years' time the whole fixteen take their turns. Befides this, there is a council of fixty, whose business it is to examine important affairs, which require fecrecy and difpatch. In January, every year, they choose new officers, or confirm the old ones in their places. There are fe veral other courts for the adminiftration of justice and the management of civil affairs. The principal revenue of this republic arifes from the customs on all forts of merchandise carried out of the city, and from the prodigious quantities of corn which the magiftrates purchafe and fell again to the citizens. But they must always have enough in their granaries to ferve for two years; and they must buy no corn for this purpofe which grows within twelve miles of Ge SKETCH of the principal caufes By Dr. CURRIE. FTER what has been advanc Α Aed, it must appear evident that no remedies can have the defired effect, unless the perfon, under the influence of the recited caufes, change his mode of living. But, that the propofition may not alarm and fhock too much, I do not propofe an impracticable task, which would certainly be ridiculous. I do not advise the man of fashion to lead the rambling and unfettled life of a favage, which is far from refembling thofe imaginary portraits drawn by romantic travellers, and which feem rather intended-to humble the civilised being, than to exalt the favage. Neither do I mean to invite the polite to the life of a labourer, though I think the labourer is often happier in that life, than the man of fashion in his. But two very enchanting claffes of pleasure, thofe which have their fource in imagination and sentimental exercifes, are almost lost to the former, which powerfully concur to increase the pleasure of the man of fashion and improved undertanding. If, therefore, the man of fashion, who can procure them, is lefs happy than the illiterate labourer, it is his own fault; for naturally he must have the advantage. But he is generally fo inconfiderate, and fuch a flave to prevailing cuftoms, that he detroys the edifice of his pleafures, which he makes the foundation of his pains. It is the great error of mankind, that, in the purfuit of happiness, they commonly feek for it in violent gratifications, in pleasures which are Loo intenfe in their degree to be of long duration, and of which the frequent repetitions always blunt the capacity of enjoyment. There is no leffon more useful than that which teaches them that the most rational, fubftantial and permanent happinefs is averse to all turbulent emotions; that it is ferene and moderate in its nature; that its ingredients are neither costly in the acquifition, nor difficult in the attainment, but prefent themselves almoft fpontaneously to a well-ordered mind, and are open to every rank and condition of life, where indigence is excluded. It may not be either neceffary or convenient for the man of fashion who lives in the centre of the city, to retire to the country for wholefome air-not knowing how to fill up his vacant life there, he would almost die of what are vulgarly termed vapours: but he ought to be informed, that fome circulating air is abfolutely neceffary for him, and that he ought not to deprive himself of its benefit by immuring himself in his parlour all day, or by going abroad in a clofe-fhut coach. He had better ufe his feet: if they are tender, the hardness of the pave ment will not blifter them; or, if it should, let him mount a gentle and fure-footed horse. But if he dare not commit fuch a trefpafs upon the rules of fashion, he ought, furely, to fuffer the windows of his carriage to be left open for the entrance of more air than juft fufficient to preferve him from fuffocation-let him not be difpleafed when his carriage paffes over rough ground; the jolting will do him no harm the functions of the body cannot be performed properly, without its moving powers are affifted in their motion either by voluntary or artiVOL. XXVI. ficial agents. By his precaution to avoid every impreffion which is not perfectly agreeable to his fenfations, he foon becomes a piteous fpectacle ; every change of the wind affects him, and every cloudy day makes a prifoner of him. The man of Fashion need not go to bed with the fun, nor need he rife before that active planet has fhed his cheering influence a full hour upon the bufy world; but he ought not to entertain the erroneous notion that he cannot be happy without breaking through the order of nature, by turning night into day, as if he thought it beneath his dignity to allow the fame luminary to light him, which lights the world. Nor ought he to fuppofe that no pleasure, worth his notice, can exist till the fable goddefs, on her ebon throne, has held her leaden fceptre o'er a flumbering world," Pleasure is not confined to midnight, but is of all hours. The air of rooms where fashionable people affemble to pafs their evenings together, efpecially when crowded and furrounded by blazing lights, foon lofes its elafticity and purity, and becomes injurious; hence, the frequency of vertigos, or dizziness, and of fwoonings, in large affemblies. By fitting up late at night, they are reduced to the neceffity of lying a-bed, and breathing the confined air of a chamber, all the morning. I have not a wish to ftrike at the existence of pleasures, to which people of fortune have a legal title. I only request them to obferve fuch rules as will not only enfure but prolong their pleasures. The prefervation of health may be fecured without reducing the opulent and polite to live upon coarfe, infipid, or grofs provifion: fuch fare requires organs fortified by exercife and open air. The town air, much thicker than that of the country, renders the appetite lefs craving, and the di Bb geRive geftive powers lefs vigorous-hence common effects: among these may the neceffity for lighter and more be numbered « be numbered " full-gorged apopalatable diet than that which fatis-plexy, diftorting convulfion, jointfies the hardy workman. The deli-racking gout, panting afthma, ravcacy and inactivity of the fashion- ing phrenfy, half-dead pally, emaable will not admit of his living on ciated atrophy, and fwollen dropfy, four bread and smoked bacon-fuch with many more of dreadful imfood would torment him with fick- port,"-diforders which one would nefs, flatulence, and colic. There think fufficient to deter the moft ought, therefore, to be a fpecific dif- defperate (if not totally deftitute of ference in their diet :-nor need joy-reflection) from every fpecies of infpiring wine be banished from the excefs, and fufficient to determine feftive board temperance and mo- him to the undeviating obfervance deration are all that are required. of temperance and regularity, which, Nature is content with fimplicity with due attention to daily exercife and moderation, but luxury knows in pure and open air, and preferving no bounds. Imaginary wants can- the mind from the ravages of vexnot be gratified. Every animal, ation, will enfure health, and, for except man, follows nature's dictates. the moft part, extend life to the Man alone riots at large, and longeft fpan. ranfacks the whole creation in quest of luxuries, to his own deftruction. The organs, inflamed by too much indulgence in high-feasoned meats and ftrong wines, foon lofe their relish for every thing that is not both delicious and rare; while the waterdrinker is never fatiated. The Creator and Preferver of the world has furnished it with an infinite variety of meats and drinks for the fupport and comfort of his creatures, and has annexed to the ufe thereof a degree of gratification; and we may fafely confult our fatisfaction in the choice. But, though this be the cafe, we are bound by the laws of temperance not to exceed this allowed fatisfaction; and are taught by reafon and the confideration of our own fafety, to abftain from exceffive indulgence in every thing, which, either from quantity or quality, has a tendency to deftroy or impair felf-government, to weaken the dominion of reafon over the paffions, or to impair the conftitution and fhorten the period of life. We fee daily examples of the pernicious effects of the caufes which have been enumerated, among people in fashionable life. Difeafes of the moft formidable nature are the On BENEVOLENCE. (From a Differtation on the Theory N nothing are men so apt to mif IN take, if they do not repel the bias to prejudice, as in eftimating characters; of thofe particularly with whom they are unacquainted, or from whom they differ on fubjects of religion and politics. In what glaring and frightful colours did the pagans paint the conduct of the primitive Chriftians! How grofsly did the primitive Chriftians mif reprefent each other! and, to speak the, truth, how have the orthodox and heretics united in calumniating the pagans ! The pagans charged the primitive Chriftians with feasting on infants, with dealing in magic, with paying divine honours to the head of an afs. The orthodox brought the fame charges, and worse, against heretics. St. Epiphanius had an unbounded averfionto, heretics. What he fays of a cuftom prevailing. among the Gnoftics, of beating in fants |