XXXVII. Presents from Hiero. 19. Ut potuerit; literally, that he was able; i. e. that he could have been no more moved by any, etc. 23. Se...misisse. Se seems to be here used instead of eum, because the ambassadors, inasmuch as they represent Hiero, speak, as it were, in his person. 31. Milité; for pedite, in connection with equite. 34. Mille...funditorum. See above, c. 37, n. on mille kominum. 35. Pugnacesque...gentes; and other nations accustomed to fight with missile weapons. Pugnax occurs here in an unusual construction, as it is generally used absolutely, fond of fighting, warlike. PAGE 198 12. Firmam...stabilem. Firmum, something steadfast, inasmuch as 199 it bids defiance to all attacks; stabile, as it is no more subject to change, durable.-Doederlein, 4, p. 165. XXXVIII. The confident speeches of Varro, and the more cautious ones of Paulus. 19. Dum... venirent. See note, XXI. 8, on dum curaretur. 20. Jurejurando. Jusjurandum, a civil oath, by which a man confirms or promises something; sacramentum, a military oath, by which a soldier binds himself not to forsake his standard.-D. 24. Decuriati equites...pedites. Each ala of the cavalry was divided into ten turma, and each turma into three decuriæ; hence decuriare. On the other hand, the legions of the infantry were divided each into cohorts, maniples, and centuriæ; hence centuriare. 25. Sese fugæ, etc. These words, as well as those just below, voluntario-fædere, refer to the usual sacramentum.—On ergo, see H. 411. 37. Quodne qui dux; what any general. Quomodo, the conjecture of Valla, is adopted by Fabri and Bekker; but the above is the reading of the MSS., and is restored by Alschefski, as it yields an intelligible meaning. 9. Ad id locorum; = ad id tempus. See H. 396, III. 2, 4), (4). 200 XXXIX. The counsel of Fabius to Paulus. 20. Claudet; from claudere, to be lame, to be weak. 24. Et...si certaturus es, adversus, etc. This is the emendation of Alschefski. The common reading is sis certaturus; et adversus, etc. The et connects pugnandum-sit, sit oppugnaturus with nescio an, Ana (whether-not), etc. 30. Furere...insanit. In using these two words, the speaker means PAGE to say, that with Flaminius there had been an excitement of feeling, which occasioned, as it were, a temporary derangement; but that Varrc appeared like one who had long since quite lost his reason.-Fabri. 201 2. Adversus unum; adversus coram; and unum (in reference to Paulus) is said in distinction from adv. senatum or populum. The et in nec (= et non) corresponds to et with ego, etc.; on the one hand-on the other hand. Excesserim has a potential force; literally, I would rather exceed the bounds, i. e., I would prefer to go too far in despising, etc. 202 12. Tempus diesque; the time, with every (passing) day. 22. Quamdiu, etc. The sentence is purposely abrupt and unfinished, for the sake of force and vivacity. It is the figure called aposiopesis ; see H. 704, I. 3. How long before the walls, etc.; leaving the hearer to infer how long did I make him sit before, etc. 31. Famam rumoresque. Rumor, report; the uncertain, dark, often clandestine, propagation of intelligence, in opp. to authentic information. Fuma, information, open and public propagation of intelligence, in opp. to ocular demonstration.-D. 33. Veritatem...extingui nunquam; a parallel passage to this is found in Bryant's familiar words: "Truth crushed to earth shall rise again." 1. Nec ego. Volo must be supplied, as malo occurs just beforc. Gronovius and Bekker read non fortuna velim; Fabri and Weissenborn read moneo after agatur. XL. The new consuls leave Rome for the seat of war. 10. Quid...fore. See n., XXI. 30, on quid esse. 12. Semiustum. See above, n. on ambustus, c. 35. 15. Ab hoc sermone. Ab, immediately after. See above, c. 34, n. on ab-opibus; and c. 18, on ab-cladibus. 17. Turba...deessent. Turba is abl.; attracting more attention by their great numbers. Dignitates, i. e., homines alicujus dignitatis. 22. Consulum. Such a partitive genitive depending upon a proper name, Fabri shows by numerous passages to be a common construction in Livy. XLI-XLII. A disorderly engagement occurs, in which the Carthaginians suffer great loss.—Hannibal plans an ambuscade, which fails of success. 36. Tumultuario prœlio ac, etc. Prælio, abl. of cause; and ac is explicative.-Fabri. The sense is this: by a disorderly engagement, one, namely, which arose, etc. 4. Alternis; sc. diebus. PAGE 17. Medium agmen. These words are explanatory of impedimenta. 203 Alschefski thus gives the sense: impedimenta ita traducit per convallem, at medio in loco inter pedites equitesque essent. 27. Ut...reliquerint. The perf. subj. is given, to make the words come as near as possible to those used by the messengers nuntiantium; they would say, fuga trepida reliquerunt. 37. Speculatusque, etc. So Alschefski reads, instead of speculatusque cura-renuntiat. With speculatus, est must be supplied. 9. Auspicio...addixissent. Auspicio = in auspicio, or may be taken 204 as abl. of instrument. On this kind of auspices, see Dict. Antiqq., p. 130. 12. Claudiique, etc. See Liddell, c. 29, § 18; Arnold, 2, p. 174. On memorata, see above, c. 7. XLIII. Hannibal proceeds to Cannæ, in Apulia, and is followed thither by the Romans. 2. Eo maturiora messibus. Eo, on that account. Messibus, dat., de- 205 pending upon maturiora. Fabri compares Liv. II. 5. The sense is: places in which the harvest was earlier. 7. Ultra...trans. The separation denoted by ultra is merely that of a boundary; by trans, that of an obstruction.-D. 18. Ipsi aversi. The Vulturnus, the Greek 'Evpóvoros, the modern Sirocco, blew from the S. E., or, more strictly, the E. S. E.; and Hannibal's camp faced northwesterly. XLIV. Hannibal skirmishes with his Numidians.—Discord among the Romans. 26. Trans Aufidum; i. e., in reference to the greater camp, which, with the main army of the Romans, was now on the left bank of the river; and so the minora castra on the right. Hannibal's army also was still on the left bank. But this question of the first position of the two armies, and with it the question on which side of the river the battle was fought, is a disputed one. The chief points are these: From the passages in c. 43 (toward the end), prope eum vicum, etc., and c. 44 (at the beginning), it would naturally be inferred, that both armies were at first on the right or south bank; if so, then, as both armies afterwards cross the river (see c. 45, p. 206, 1. 22, and c. 46, p. 206, 1. 32), the battle must have been fought on the left or north bank. On the other hand, it is stated, in the first place, in c. 45 (id erat—propius), that the right Roman wing was, after the crossing of the river, nearer the river; and, in the second place, in c. 46, at the end, that the Romans faced the PAGE South, and the Carthaginians the north; from these direct statements, it 205 would appear that the first position of both armies was on the left bank, and that the battle was fought on the right bank.--Both Arnold and Liddell represent the battle as fought on the right bank; Mommsen, in his own edition of 1854, takes the same view, but in the English translation (London, 1808) the battle is represented as fought on the left bank. 206 207 37. Vel usu cepisset. See n. on usu, I. 46. 5. Videret; sc. Varro. See n. on mollirent, I. 9. He might see to it. XLV. The Numidians attack a watering party of the Romans.-The Romans cross the river, and draw up all their forces in order of battle. 15-18. Ut...tenuerit...fuerit. Ut ita ut, so that; tenuerit—ne— transirent, etc., kept the Romans from crossing, etc.; fuerit rather than esset, from the close connection with tenuerit. 24. Id erat flumini propius. The whole army was now on the right bank of the river; and, from the above words, it of course follows that the Roman army faced the south. Comp. above, c. 43, n. on ipsi aversi; and n., c. 44, on trans Aufidum; also, see Arnold, Hist. 2, pp. 311–313. 26. Extremi, etc. Extremi in opp. to intra. The cavalry of the allies were on the extreme left; then the allied infantry, joining the Roman legions, who formed the centre. XLVI. The Carthaginians cross the river, and form in line of battle. 36. Peditibus; abl. of instrument, though in reference to persons Comp. XXI. 46, Numidis. 7. Alius. See n. II. 38. On habitus, V. 41. XLVII-XLIX. The battle of Cannæ, in which the Romans suffer a most disastrous defeat, and the consul Paulus is killed. 31. Pares... Gallis Hispanisque. Gallis Hispanisque, dat. for gen.; see H. 398, 5. With pares supply Romanis. 33. Equa fronte; even front, that is, forming a straight line, in opp. to the enemy's line, which approached the form of a half-moon, the Gauls and Spaniards being somewhat in advance. 2. Reductis alis; i. e., in relation to the Gauls and Spaniards. See PAGE preceding note. 208 4. Equavit frontem ; made the front even, i. e., in falling back they first came into a straight line with the rest of the troops. See above, n. on æqua fronte. 6. Circumdedere alas; outflanked; Romanis is in the dative. See H. 384, II. 1. This action of Hannibal probably belonged to his plan of the battle. The Gauls and Spaniards had been put forward so as to give a convex form to the line in the centre. The Romans drove in these troops at the centre, so that they first were in a line with the rest of the army, then by giving way (cedendo) fell behind, drawing in the Romans after them; then the Africans closed in on both sides, and fell upon both of the Roman flanks. 12. Recentibus...vegetis. Recens, fresh in respect to strength, the energies; vegetus, to courage, spirit.-Doederlein, IV. p. 446, quoted by Fabri. 27. Quum...alibi... alibi...qui...jam. The first alibi may refer to the left wing of the Romans; the second, to the legions, surrounded by the African troops. Jam is the emendation of Alschefski. Hasdrubal at first was placed upon the left wing of the Carthaginians, but now (jam) commanded the right. 29. Ex media acie; if media is the true reading, media acie would seem to refer to the centre, not of the whole line, but of the right wing, on which the Numidians had been placed. 33. Parte altera; Æmilius was at first in command of the cavalry on the Roman right; but, as Polybius mentions (c. 116), after the retreat of the cavalry, he betook himself to the centre, where he comes in contact, as here mentioned, with Hannibal. 3. Quam mallem, etc. Quam mallem is ironical = quam parum mal- 209 lem, or non mallem; how would I prefer, i. e., I would no more prefer, would like it no better; just as good, as if he should deliver them to me in chains!-Quam has often this force; as Liv. VIII. 33, quam conveniens, i. e., minus conveniens; Terence, Andr., 1, 5, 52, quam utiles, i. e., parum utiles, inutiles; ib. 4, 5, 16, quam-facile-utile, i. e., difficile inutile. 13. Dum et tibi...superest. Et tibi, you also, you on your part. The clause must be joined with comes-protegere. The sense is: I can protect you, so far as I am concerned, so long as you also have any strength left. 17. Macte virtute. See n., II. 12. 22. Vixisse adhuc et mori. This is the happy reading of Alschefski, instead of vixisse et adhuc mori; that I have lived up to this time, and that I die. 33. Insertus. For infestus, the unintelligible MSS. reading, various |