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absorption appear applied approximately arrangement assume atoms axis becomes brightness calculated centre charge coefficient colour compared complete considered consists constant coordinates corresponding critical curve determined direction distance effect electric electrons elements emission energy equal equation experiments expression fact field flame force formula frequencies function give given glass heat hydrogen increase intensity intrinsic latter lattice light limits lines liquid magnetic means measured mercury metals method mixture molecular molecules motion observed obtained osmotic parallel pass Phil placed plate positive possible potential present pressure primary pure radiation ratio rays reduced relation relative remain represented resistance respectively rotation scattering shown side solution space spectrum strip suppose surface Table taken temperature theory tube values vapour