the noted Boethius was born here; P. 45,355: Lg. 3.3 w, Lt. 56.28.

DUNDONALD, a village of Scotland, Ayr. shire, 3 m s Irvine; manufacture of cotton; P. 5579.

DUNDRUM, a village of Ireland, county Down, on the bay of Dundrum, 7 m sw Downpatrick.

DUNFERMLINE, a town of Scotland, county Fife, 24 m n of the frith-of-Forth, 16 w Edinburgh, it is irregularly built, some streets are narrow and inconvenient; the parish church is a portion of the ancient abbey, and adjacent was the palace where Charles I and Elizabeth, wife of George I, were born; in the abbey were buried Malcolm and his queen, also 7 other Scottish monarchs and 5 queens: in February, 1818,

a tomb was discovered supposed to have contained the body of Robert Bruce: it has a chapel of ease, several meeting-houses of Burghers and Antiburghers, Baptists, Methodists, &c., a town-house, and guildhall; P. of town and parish 17,068.

DUNGANNON, a county-town of Ireland,

county Tyrone, on a hill, 14 m N by w Armagh; here is a freeschool founded by Charles I: in the vicinity are coal mines: Lg. 7.12 w, Lt. 54.30 N.

DUNGARVON, a seaport town of Ireland, county Waterford, at the head of Dungarvon-bay, 27 m sw Waterford; it is supplied with water from the Phinisk.

DUNGENESS, England, s point of county Kent, on which is a fort and lighthouse, 8ms by w New-Romney: Lg. 0.59 E, Lt. 50.52 м.

DUNGISBAY-HEAD, or DUNCANSBYHEAD, a promontory of Scotland, in Caithness, at the NE extremity of Great-Britain. It is of circular shape, about 2 m in circuit, and toward the sea, which encompasses twothirds of the head, is one continued precipice. Here is the site of John o'Groat's house, and on the highest part of the head, near the edge of the precipice, is the foundation of a building supposed to have been a watch-tower: Lg. 2.53 w, Lt. 58.45 N.

DUNKELD, a town of Scotland, county Perth, amidst vast rocks, partly naked, and partly wooded, through which flows the Tay, 14 mn by w Perth. It is healthy, picturesque, and much resorted to by genteel company in summer. It is the chief market-town of the Highlands, and carries on a manufacture of linen and yarn. This place was anciently a bishopric, and had a fine cathedral, now much dilapidated; but the choir is still entire, and converted into the parish church. The duke of Athol has a fine seat here, skreened by the Grampian mountains; P. 1471.

DUNKIRK, a seaport town of France,

strongly fortified, department du-Nord, 22 m sw Ostend. It was taken from the

Spaniards by the English and French in 1658, and put into the hands of the English, but sold to the French by Charles II, in 1662. Louis XIV made it one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom; but all the works were demolished, and the basins filled up, in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. The French afterward resumed their works; but they were ordered to be demolished by the peace of 1763. They continued thus till the peace of 1783, when the works were again resumed; but they have by no means attained their former strength. The English attempted to besiege this place in 1793, but were obliged to retire. Dunkirk is divided into the old and new town; the inhabitants subsist chiefly by smuggling in peace, and privateering in war. By means of a sluice, 42 feet wide, the basin within the town will hold 40 ships of the line always floating; P. about 22,000 : Lg. 2.22 É, Lt. 51.2 Ν.

DUNMANWAY, a town of Ireland, county Cork, on the Bandon, 32 m wsw Cork: has

a flourishing linen manufacture; P. 2012.

DUNMORE, a town of Ireland, county Galway, 8 m NNE Tuam, 25 w Roscommon, and 135 w Dublin; P. 909.

DUNMOW, GREAT, a town of England, county Essex, on a hill, 13 m NNW Chelmsford, and 38 NE London; P. 2462.

DUNMOW, LITTLE, a village of England, county Essex, 2 m from Great-Dunmow, it once had a priory, and part of it now forms the parish church. It is famous for the tenure of its manor; namely, that whatever married couple will go to the priory, and swear they have not repented of their marriage, within a year and a day after it took place, shall receive a flitch of bacon; P. 378.

DUNNET-HEAD, a promontory of Scotland, on the N coast of Caithness. It presents to the sea a front of broken rocks, from 100 to 400 feet high. Its N extremity, at the wend of Pentland-frith, is the most N point of Great-Britain: Lg. 3.18 w, Lt. 58.47 N.

DUNNOSE; see CAPES.

DUNSE, a town of Scotland, the largest in the county Berwick, at the foot of a hill near the Whiteadder, 14 m w Berwick, and 40 ESE Edinburgh: it has manufactures of woollen, linen, and paper; here is a celebrated mineral-well similar to that at Tunbridge in England; P. 3469: Lg. 2.18 w, Lt. 55.47 N.

DUNSTABLE, a town of England, county Bedford, on a chalky hill, 17 ms Bedford, and 33 NW London; it is celebrated for straw hats, bonnets, baskets, &c; P. 2117.

DUNSTAFFNAGE, a castle of Scotland, county Argyle, on a promontory at the entrance of Loch-Etive, 24 m Nw Inverary, one of the first seats of the Pictish and Scottish monarchs. Here was long preserved the famous stone, used as the coronation seat of the Scottish monarchs, which was removed to Scone, and thence to Westminster. See CASHEL. Some of the ancient regalia still continue in the castle; and near it is a small roofless chapel of elegant architecture, where several of the kings of Scotland are said to be interred.

DUNSTER, a town of England, county Somerset, on the side of a vale near the Bristol-channel, 23 m Nw Taunton, and 161 w London; with a market on Friday: it has a castle on a steep knoll; P. 983.

DUNREE, a fortified tower of Ireland, county Donegal, at the E entrance to Loughswilly, constructed in 1813 and 1814.

DUNWICH, a town of England, county Suffolk, at the top of a loose cliff, 24 ms Yarmouth, and 100 N London; formerly a bishop's see, having many churches, now not one left, nor is there a market; P. 232.

DUPAUD, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Balagaut, chief of a district that yields excellent copper, near the Gondegam, 110 m NNE Cudapah: Lg. 79.23 E, Lt. 15.58 м.

DURANGO, a town of Spain, province Biscaya, 17 m SE Bilboa; P. 2800.

DURANGO, a city of North America, Mexico, capital of province Durango, 170 m NW Zacatecas, a fertile country; P. 12,000: Lg. 103.35 w, Lt. 24.25 N.

DURAZZO, a seaport town of Europe, Turkey, chief in the N part of Albania, a decayed fortress and good harbour on the gulf-of-Venice, 96 m SSE Ragusa, a Greek archbishop's see; P. 5000: Lg. 19.28 E, Lt. 41.40 N.

DURBUNGAH, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Bahar, chief of district Tyrhoot, near the Gogary, 55 m NE Patna; it is famous for the rearing of horses: Lg. 85.54 E, Lt. 26.7 N.

DUREN, a town of Prussia, province Cleve-Jülich-Berg, on the right bank of the Roer, 2 German m SE Jülich; manufacture of cloth, and brandy distilleries.

DURHAM, a county of England, bounded N by Northumberland, E by the Germanocean, s and sw by Yorkshire, and w by Westmoreland and Cumberland. Itis usually called the bishopric of Durham, from the sovereign power formerly possessed by the bishops, who yet enjoy great privileges. It is 47 m long by 37, containing 679,040 acres; is divided into 6 wards, 74 parishes, 1 city, and 9 market-towns; returns 4 county and 5 borough M.P., and has 13 poll

ing-places. Two of the above six divisions, called Norhamshire and Islandshire, are a detached part, lying N of Northumberland, and includes Holy-Island. The town of Berwick and its district, on the N side of the Tweed, is also in the jurisdiction of this county. The soil is very various; the w part being mountainous and barren, while the E and s consist of beautiful meadows, woods, and corn-fields. Here are rich mines of coal, lead, and iron, and quarries of marble, slate, millstone, firestone, grindstone, limestone, and freestone. The principal rivers are the Wear, Tees, Tyne, and Derwent; P. 160,361 in 1801, and 253,827 in 1831, exclusive of Berwick.

DURHAM, a city of England, county Durham, on a hill, on the banks of the Wear, 14 ms Newcastle, and 259 N by w London; it is compactly built, and surrounded by the remains of its wall, and 3 stone bridges; returns 2 M.P. The magnificent cathedral and the castle, now the bishop's palace, stand on the highest part of the hill; in the former are deposited the remains of St. Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede. The city is governed by a mayor, and contains 6 parish churches. It has a manufacture of stuffs and carpets, and around it are grown large quantities of the best mustard. In a deep vale near the river are the ruins of Finchall abbey; and on the w of the city is Nevil cross, erected in memory of the victory obtained by queen Philippa in 1346, over David Bruce, king of Scotland, who was taken prisoner; P. 10,125: Lg. 1.15 w, Lt. 54.44 N. Polling-place.

DURHAM, 4 in North America, United States: - 1st, a town of New Hampshire, county Strafford, on the Oyster, near its junction with the Piscataqua, 16 m w Portsmouth; near it is a rock computed to weigh 60 tons, so exactly poised on another, that it can be moved with a finger; P. 606.2nd, a town, state New York, Green county; P. 3039. 3rd, a town, state Connecticut, Middlesex county; P. 1116.- 4th, a town, state Maine, Cumberland county, on the Androscoggin; P. 1731, all in 1830.

DURKHEIM, a town of Bavaria, province Rhein, 3 German m by post-road w Manheim, post-road to Saarbrück and Paris. Here are salt-works.

DURKHEIM, or TURKHEIM, a town of France, department Haut-Rhin, 4 m NW Colmar; a victory was gained by the French over the Austrians in 1675.

DURLACH, a town of the grand-duchy of Baden, with a castle, German m by postroad ESE Carlsruhe: manufactures porcelain, cloth, and stuffs; P. about 4000.

DURNESS, a town of Scotland, on the N coast of the county Sutherland, at the mouth

DYM

of the Durness, s of Farout-Head, 42 m NW Dornock; P. 1153.

DURORE, a town of Africa, Abyssinia, chief place of traffic in the bay of Amphila, 65 m SE Arena, and 120 NE Antalo.

DURROW, a town of Ireland, county Kilkenny, but insulated with its district in Queen's county, 14 ms by w Maryborough, and 16 NNW Kilkenny: here is a magnifi

cent seat called Castle-Durrow.

DURSLEY, a corporate town of England, county Gloucester, near the Severn, 13 m sw Gloucester, and 107 w London; market on Thursday, traffic in broad cloth and cards for clothiers: here is the remains of a eastle; P. 3226. Polling-place.

ocean.

DUSKY-BAY, a bay, Australasia, on the sw coast of New-Zealand in the Pacific The country is steep, and the hills near the seaside are covered with intricate and impenetrable forests. Abundance of excellent refreshments are found here: Lg. 166.18 E, Lt. 47.7 s.

DUSSELDORF, a city of Prussia, province Cleve-Jülich-Berg, on the right bank of the Rhein or Rhine, 51 German m by post-road Xxw Celn or Cologne, and 104 German m by post-road NE by N Achen or Aix-la-Chapelle. At the mouth of the Dussel, near the palace, is a gallery of paintings, drawings, engravings, and figures: its chief manufactures are mirrors, vinegar, soap, and sugar; and trade in merchandise brought from Elberfeld and other parts: it was taken by the French in 1795; P. about 19,000: Lg. 6.46 E, Lt. 51.12 Ν.

DUXBURY, a town of North America, United States, state Massachusetts, Plymouth county, with a lighthouse and harbour, 3 m s by E Plymouth, on the opposite side of the bay.

DUYVELAND, an island of Holland, forming part of the province of Zealand. It is separated from Schowen, on the ww, by a narrow channel.

DWARACA, or JUGGETH, a town of Asia, Hindostan, Gujerat, with a small harbour, at the w extremity of the entrance of the gulf-of-Cutch, 65 m w by s Nonagur: here is a celebrated temple, long inhabited by Krishna, the favourite Hindoo deity, annually visited by above 15,000 pilgrims: the chalk with which the Bramins mark their foreheads is here procured and carried to all parts of India: 2500 houses: Lg. 69.10 E, Lt. 22.20 м.

DYHRNFURT, a small post-town of Russia, province Silesia, on the Oder, 44 German m by post-road ww by w Breslau, postroad to Glogau.

DYMCHURCH, a village of England, county Kent, on the E side of Romneymarsh, 5 m sw Hithe: a strong embank

EAGLE-POINT, Mediterranean, France, department Bouches-du-Rhone, the w extremity of gulf-of-Ciotat, 1ms of Ciotat: Lg. 5.36 E, Lt. 43.9.30 м.

EAGLESHAM, a village of Scotland, county Renfrew, 9 m sw Glasgow. It has bleaching grounds, and a considerable cotton manufacture.

EALING, a large village of England, county Middlesex. The parish contains Old-Brentford and Great and Little-Ealing. It is 6 m WNW London; P. 7783.

EAOOWE, one of the Friendly-islands, Australasia, in the Pacific-ocean, discovered by Tasman, in 1643, and by him named Middleburg. The land gently rises to a considerable height, presenting a prospect of extensive meadows, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations: Lg. 174.30 w, Lt. 21.24 s.

EARLSTON, a town of Scotland, county Berwick, on the E side of the Leader, at the foot of a hill, 29 m SE Edinburgh. On the opposite bank stands Cowden-knows, an old building, now somewhat modernized; and on the adjacent knolls may be seen the remains of its broom, so renowned in Scottish ditty; P. 1710.

EARN; see LAKE ERNE.

EASDALE, a small island of Scotland, near the coast of county Argyle, SE of Mull, celebrated for its slate quarries.

EASINGWOLD, a town of England, county North York, with a market on Friday, and a great trade in bacon and butter. It is 13 m NNW York, and 208 N by w London; P. 2381.

EAST-LOOE, England, England, county Cornwall, separated from West-Love by a creek, with a narrow stone bridge; P. 865.

EASTBOURN, a town of England, county Sussex, at the E extremity of the SouthDowns, near the English-channel, 15 m ESE Lewes, and 61 SSE London. Near it is a chalybeate spring, and on the beach a circular fort. In 1707 a tesselated pavement and a Roman bath were discovered here; P. 2726.

EASTER-ISLAND, in the Pacific-ocean. It is hilly and volcanic, the landing is difficult, and it affords neither fuel nor water for shipping. The natives, 1200 or 1300, are industrious; but fond of theft, plunder, and violence towards strangers. It produces paper mulberry, bananas, yams, potatoes, and sugar-canes. It was visited by Roggewein in 1722, Cook in 1774, Kotzebue in 1816, and Beechey in 1826: Perouse-point is in Lg. 109.24.36 w, Lt. 27.08.46 s.-BEECHEY.

EAST-EVERLEY, a village of England, county Wilts, 3 m nw Luggershall, 74 m wbys London; P. 352. Polling-place.

EASTHAM, a town of North America, in the United States, state Massachusetts, Barnstaple county, near the sea, 18 m NE Barnstable; P. 966 in 1830.

EASTHAMPTON, a town of North America, in the United States, state New York, Suffolk county, on the SE side of Longisland, 12 m ENE Southampton. town contains Clinton-academy; P. 1668 in 1830.

This

EASTON, 4 in North America, United States: 1st, a county-town of Maryland, on the E shore of Talbot county, near the forks of the Tredhavan, 36 ms Chester. _ 2nd, a county-town of state Pennsylvania, Northampton county, on the Delaware, at the influx of the Lehigh, 50 m Philadelphia; P. 1089.- 3rd, a town of state New York, Washington county; P. 3758. -4th, a town of state Massachusetts, Bristol county, near the head of the Raynham, 10 m NNW Taunton; P. 1758, all in 1830. EATON, 2 in North America, United States:-1st, a county-town of state Ohio, Preble county, 50 m N Cincinnati; P. 511. -2nd, a town of state New Hampshire, Strafford county; P. 1432.

EATONTON, a town of North America, United States, state Georgia, capital of Putnam county, 22 m NW Milledgeville.

EBELTOFT, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, with a harbour, on a bay of the Categat, 16 m NE Arhusen.

EBENEZER, a town of North America, in the United States, state Georgia, Effingham county. It stands on the Sa

vanna, in a county rich in corn, fruit, and cattle, 25 m NNW Savanna: Lg. 81.18 w, Lt. 32.28 N.

EBERN, a town of Bavaria, circle UnterMain, 12 m NNW Bamberg.

EBERVILLE, a town of France, department Puy-de-Dôme, 8 m NE Riom, with a Benedictine abbey.

EBHER, a town of Asia, Persia, in Irak, on the Ebher, 40 m w Casbin.

EBINGEN, a town of Würtemberg, noted for its cheese, 7 ms Hohenzollern.

EBSTORF, a post-town of Hannover, province Lüneburg, 34 German m by postroad s Lüneburg, post-road to Hannover.

ECATHERINBOURG, a fortified town of Asia, in Russia, government Perm, chief of district on both banks of the Isset, 237 m E Perm. In the centre of the government are mines, including those of Siberia, where the principal officers reside, excepting those under the imperial cabinet. The public buildings are a chancellery, custom-house, arsenal, mint for coining copper, grammar school for 300 boys, hospital, &c. It has great works for metals, and polishing various coloured stones, the whole by water power. It contains 5 churches, and has a garrison, with 2 companies, and a detachment of artillery; P. 6000: Lg. 61.10 E, Lt. 56.51 N.

ECATHERININSKOI, a silver mine and works, Asia, Russia, in Siberia, government Irkoutsk, district Nertchinsk. It is very rich.

ECATHERINODAR, a Cosaque town of the Black-sea, Russia, government Taurida, district Phanagoria, on the left bank of the Coubane, the chief place of the Cosaques, where they hold their tribunals. The situation between the Black-sea and Caucasus is very advantageous, and this recently founded place bids fair to rise by its commercial advantages.

ECATHERINOGRAD, or FORT ST. CATHERINE, a small fortified town of Russia, government Caucasus, district Mosdok, on the Malk, near its junction with the Terek. The fortifications are an irregular pentagon, but its strength is chiefly derived from nature. It has 1 church, P. small:

Lg. 45.20 E, Lt. 43.43.34 N.

ECATHERINOPOL, a German colony of Russia, government Tchernigof; P. small, chiefly hatters.

ECATHERINOPOL, a town of Russia, government Kiow, on the Guilaia, 132 m Kiow. Its ancient name was Calniboloto.

ECATHERINOSLAW, a government of Russia, bounded on the N by the governments of Kharkof and Voronej, E by the Don Cosaque country, w by the govern

ment of Kherson, s by the government of Taurida and the sea-of-Azow, lying between 46 and 48 x Lt. and 34 and 41 E Lg. The principal rivers are the Dnepr, Samara, Sévernoï-Donetz, and the mouths of the Don, of the Calmius, and of the Miouss. The is fertile, but the s very sterile; the whole being very scantily supplied with timber even for fuel. The mulberry, vine, horses, and goats, thrive well. Between the Berda and Calmius, near the sea-ofAzow, are salt springs and lakes, yielding a great revenue. This government is divided into 6 districts, viz. Ecatherinoslav, Novomoscovsk, Pavlograd, Bakhmoût, Marioupol, and Rostow; P. 550,000. The capital is Ecatherinoslav.

ECATHERINOSLAV, Russia, capital of the government of the same name, on the right bank of the Dnepr, 575 m SSW Moscow. It was founded by Catherine II in 1787, and is a bishop's see. Here commence the cataracts of the Dnepr, which extend upwards about 40 to 45 m. It has 1 gymnasium, a cathedral church, manufactures of cloth and silk stockings, and 5 annual fairs; P. small, but increasing: Lg. 36.06 E, Lt. 48.04 N.

ECATHERINSTAD, a German colony of Russia, government Saratof, district Voljsk, on the left bank of the Volga, 35 m Saratof. It contains 1 Lutheran and 1 RomanCatholic church; P. 163 families.

EBSTON, a town of Hannover, in Lüneburg, celebrated for its honey, 13 m s Lüneburg.

ECCLESFECHAN, a town of Scotland, county Dumfries, 6 m x Annan, and 15 E by s Dumfries. It has a monthly fair and weekly market for swine, during the first 4 months of the year.

ECCLESHALL, a town of England, county Stafford, with a market on Friday, on the Sow, 7 m NW Stafford, and 148 London. The bishop of Lichfield and Coventry has a castle here; P. 1285.

ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, or STATES OF THE CHURCH, a country of Italy, bounded on the x by Lombardy, NE by the gulf-ofVenice, SE by the kingdom of Naples, sw by the Mediterranean, and w by Tuscany. It is 120 m long, and from 80 to 100 broad, divided into the following provinces; Campagna-di-Roma, Patrimony of St. Peter, Sabina, Spoleto, Ancona, Perugino, Romagna, and Urbino. All these provinces are badly cultivated and thinly inhabited; trade and manufactures are but little encouraged, and were it not for dates, figs, almonds, olives, and other fruits, which grow spontaneously, the indolence of the inhabitants is such, that they would be absolutely starved. The Pope, according

to the ancient canon law, is the supreme, universal, and independent head of the church, and invested with spiritual authorrity over all Christian sovereigns, communities, and individuals. He has the title of Holy-Father and Holiness; and is elected, at every vacancy, from among the cardinals, each of whom is styled His Eminence. Beside the Ecclesiastical-State, the Pope is possessed of the three legations of Romagna, Bolognese, and Ferrarese, and of the duchy of Benevento, in the kingdom of Naples. In 1798 this state was taken possession of by the French, who erected it into a republic styled the Roman republic. They obliged the Pope, Pius VI, to remove into Tuscany, and afterward into France, where he died at Valence, in 1799. A few months after a conclave was permitted to be held at Venice, and, in 1800, cardinal Chiaramonti was elected to the papal chair, who took the title of Pius VII, and resumed the sovereignty of the Ecclesiastical State. This power was held till 1809, when he was deprived by Napoleon of his temporal sovereignty, and reduced to the condition of bishop of Rome; but in 1814 the Pope was restored to his former dignity, and to his territories; P. 2,590,000. Rome is the capital.

ECHELLES, LES, a small town of Sardinia, Savoy, in a narrow valley, divided by the Gurgen into two parts, one of which is in Savoy, the other in France. Great, part of the road to Chambery, distant 15 m, is cut out of the solid rock.

ECIJA, a town of Spain, province Andalusia. Fragments of marble pillars, trunks. of statues, and stones with inscriptions, attest its ancient splendor. It is 62 m ENE Seville.

ECKERO, one of the Aland-islands, Sweden, in the Baltic, w of the principal island. It has a town of the same name, 80 m NE Stockholm: Lg. 19.20 E, Lt. 60.15 Ν.

ECKRENFORDE, a seaport of Denmark, in South Jutland, on a bay of the Baltic. The streets are wide, planted with rows of trees; and the harbour is spacious and secure. Near the town is a fresh-water lake, which is connected with the bay. It is 14 m NW Kiel in Holstein: Lg. 10.1 w, Lt. 54.33 м.

EDAM, a fortified town of Holland, province North Holland, famous for its redrind cheeses; near the Zuider-zee, 11 mi NNE Amsterdam.

EDDYSTONE, a rock in the Englishchannel, 14 m ssw from the middle of Plymouth-sound. On this rock Mr. Winstanley built a light-house in 1700, which was destroyed by a storm in 1703, and the pro