The

jector perished in it. In 1709, another, built of wood, was erected by Mr. Rudyard, which was consumed by fire in 1755. Within four years after, one was built by Mr. Smeaton, which also was burnt down in 1770; and another, of stone, was completed by him in 1774, which has hitherto withstood the fury of the elements. building, to the height of 33 feet from the foundation, is solid, built of stone, engrafted into each other; above this are 4 rooms, one over the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern. It is nearly 80 feet high; and its distance from the Ram-Head, the nearest point of land, is 12 m; Lg. 4.24 w, Lt. 50.8 N.

EDENBURG, or SOPRON, a town of Austria, in Hungary, capital of a county, famous for its wines. The principal manufacture is cloth. It is 38 ms by E Vienna; P. 12,422 in 1815: Lg. 16.37 E, Lt. 47.38 N.

county, formerly a strong place; near the EDENDERRY, a town of Ireland, King's Boyne, 9 m E by N Philiptown.

EDENTON, a county-town of North America, in the United States, state North Carolina, Chowan county. It stands on Albemarle-sound, at the mouth of the Chowan, 75 m NNE Newbern, and 110 E by N Ralegh.

EDER, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Gujerat, chief of a large district bordering on Ajmeer; on the Saubermutha, 64 m N by E Ahmedabad: Lg. 73.2 E, Lt. 23.53 N.

EDESSA, or VODINA, a town of Europe, Turkey, in Macedonia, near the Vistricza, 44 m Www Salonica. It was once the residence of the Macedonian kings : Lg. 22.3 E, Lt. 40.50 N.

EDFU, or ETFU, a village of Africa, in Upper-Egypt, abounding in the splendid ruins of Apollinopolis Magna.

EDGARTON, a county-town of North America, in the United States, state Massachusetts, Dukes county. It stands on the E side of the island of Marthas Vineyard, 20 m SE Falmouth, on the continent; P. 1509 in 1830: Lg. 70.30 w, Lt. 41.25 N.

EDGHILL, a village of England, county Warwick, 14 ms Warwick, memorable for the first battle fought between Charles I and the parliament, 1642.

EDGWARE, a town of England, county Middlesex, on the Roman road, leading to St. Albans, 8 m ww London, with a market on Thursday; P. 591. Polling-place.

EDGWORTHTOWN, a town of Ireland, Longford county, 9 m E by s Longford, and 63 WNW Dublin.

EDINBURGH, or MID-LOTHIAN, a county of Scotland, which is about 30 m long, and varies in breadth from 16 to 20 m: its su

perficial extent is 360 square m, or 230,400 English acres. It is bounded by the frith-of-Forth and the river Almond, which separates it from West Lothian, or Linlithgowshire, E by the county of Haddington, s by the counties of Lanark, Peebles, and Berwick, and on the w corner by part of the county of Linlithgow. The general aspect of the county is pleasant; about one-third of it consists of arable land, which is fertile and highly cultivated, and affords excellent crops: the Moorfoot and the Pentland hills pass through the county, the highest point of which rises 1700 feet above the level of the sea. This county abounds in most parts with valuable minerals, such as coal, limestone, freestone, and iron ore of different species. The principal rivers of the county are, the North and South Esks, the Almond, and the Water of Leith: all these formerly abounded in trout, but some of them have been exhausted from over-fishing. Besides Edinburgh, the metropolis of the county,

and Leith, the county contains the towns and villages of Dalkeith, Musselburg, Portobello, Lasswade, Pennycuich, Mid-Calder, Gilmerton, and Newhaven, where a new pier has lately been erected for the ferry-boats across the frith. By the Union-canal, lately completed, a navigable communication is opened with the Forth-and-Clyde-canal, and thence to Glasgow. The county of Edinburgh contains 31 parishes; P. 219,512.

EDINBURGH, the metropolis of Scotland, about 1 m from the frith-of-Forth, is situated in the northern part of the county of Edinburgh: the town stands on high and uneven ground, being built on three eminences, which run in a direction from E to w; the central ridge, on which the city was originally built, is terminated abruptly on the w by a precipitous rock, on which the castle is placed, while to the E it gradually inclines to the plain, from which rise the lofty elevations of Arthur's-seat, Salisbury-crags, and the Calton-hill. The valley to the N of this ridge, which was formerly filled with water, has since been drained, and is now a marsh, nearly dry in summer. On the rising ground to the N of this valley stands the Newtown of Edinburgh. Both sides of the central ridge, occupied by the principal street of the Old-town, extending 5570feet from the castle to Holyrood-house, are covered with buildings crowded together in the closest array, and descending from the main street chiefly in narrow lanes, with little regard either to health or cleanliness. In the bot tom of the valley, on the s side of the Highstreet, and parallel with it, runs a narrow street called the Cowgate; this street communicates by streets and narrow lanes with that part of the town built on the southern eminence, which is much more spacious and

pleasant in its appearance than the centre of the city, and contains several elegant squares; of these, the principal is George'ssquare: here are also the Meadows, a tract of level ground, intersected by walks which are shaded on each side by rows of trees. The two ridges on which the Old-town is built are also connected by an elegant bridge, which crosses the low street called the Cowgate, in the ravine between them, at right angles, on each side of which bridge houses are ranged, and an elegant, spacious, and nearly level street is formed, notwithstanding the inequalities of the ground. The New-town is built on the lower and northernmost of the ridges, parallel with the Old town, with which it is connected by a bridge, and by a mound of earth called the Earthenmound. The ground on which the New town is built was added to the royalty in 1767; and since that period, a succession of streets and squares has been constructed on it, in elegance and regularity equal to those of any other city in the world; St. Andrew's and Charlotte-squares are remarkable for their elegance. In the former, an elegant column has been raised in honour of lord Melville. In even a superior style of architecture, an extension of the city is now making on the inclined plain on the N; towards the w the town is also extending, and here some magnificent streets have lately been built: also the octagon of Morayplace, which excels in show and splendour all the other squares of the city. Edinburgh is connected with Leith by a very fine road, which has been paved at an immense expense, and owing to the great increase of buildings, there is almost a continued street between the two places. A magnificent entrance from the E has also been formed along the s side of the Calton-hill, and on one side of this road an elegant street has been formed. Here also a new Highschool on an elegant plan has been built, and on the summit of the hill a splendid National-Monument after the model of the Parthenon at Athens, has been built.

To connect the Calton-hill with Prince's-street, an elegant bridge, of one large arch, called the Regent-bridge, has been thrown across the declivity by which they are separated. Other improvements have been made with a view of remedying the disadvantages oссаsioned by the inequalities of the ground on which Edinburgh is built: farther improvements in several other parts are also projected. The scenery around Edinburgh, owing to the abrupt and craggy heights of the Caltonhill and Arthur's-seat, which suddenly rises 800 feet from the surrounding plain, and presents the rocky heights of Salisbury-crags towards the city, is uncommonly striking, and every thing has been done to display these natural advantages: around the Cal

ton-hill several walks have lately been made out at different elevations, from which the surrounding town and country is seen to great advantage; a walk has also been made out on the still higher elevation of Salisburycrags, from which the view is grand and imposing. Of the public works and buildings in Edinburgh, the castle is the most remarkable: it is situated at the western extremity of the Old-town, on a rugged rock, which rises on three sides from a level plain to the height of 150 to 200 feet; the castle, with its works, occupies an area of seven English acres, and is separated from the town by an open space nearly 300 feet square; in one of the apartments, called the crown-room, the regalia of Scotland were deposited at the Union; they were found in February 1818, when the chest in which they had been placed was broken open by a royal warrant. At the opposite or eastern extremity of the Old-town stands the palace and abbey of Holyrood, for several centuries the residence of the monarchs of Scotland; the abbey, of which only the walls remain, was founded in 1128, by David I, and in the burying-place within are interred several of his successors: the palace is a large quadrangular edifice of hewn stone, with a court within surrounded by piazzas; at each angle of the w front are two double circular towers, and in the centre is a portico decorated by four Doric columns, which support a cupola in the form of a crown: the palace contains a gallery 150 feet long, 724 wide, and 18 high, decorated with imaginary portraits of the kings of Scotland from the time of Fergus I: as it now stands it is not of high antiquity; its Nw towers were built by James V, but the remaining part of it was added during the reign of Charles 11. The appearance of Parliament-square, in the centre of the city, has been entirely changed, in consequence of two great fires which oc curred in November 1824, and which burnt down thes and E sides of the square, and also an adjoining range of buildings in the High-street; it was resolved to take advantage of this extensive conflagration for the purpose of extending the buildings allotted to the courts of justice, and accordingly on the site of the former houses an elegant structure was erected for the accommodation of the jury and other courts, to be connected and to form one uniform whole with the former buildings, partly old and partly new, in which the supreme courts now hold their sittings; the original portion of those buildings was finished in the year 1640, and was intended for the reception of the Scottish parliament; it consists of an extensive hall, 122 feet in length by 49, and not less than 40 high; the workmanship of the inner roof, which is of a polygonal figure, of massy oak timber, ornamented with gilding, and supported by abutments projecting from the wall, has been generally admired: these buildings have lately received great improvements and additions; for the reception of the advocates' library, the richest and rarest collection in Scotland, consisting of more than 70,000 printed volumes, and a smaller one belonging to the writers to the signet, magnificent apartments attached to the Nw corner of the Parliament-house, have been finished; and at the w end of this, forming a right angle with it, an elegant edifice is completed, which contains a hall for the meetings of the county gentlemen, and a set of offices for the sheriff and other officers connected with the public affairs of the county. Nearly opposite to the Parliament-square stands the Royal Exchange, which was founded in the year 1753, and was formerly employed as a custom-house. The Register-office, in which the public records of Scotland are deposited, is situated at the E end of Prince's-street, facing the North-bridge; it was founded in the year 1774, and has ever since been distinguished above all the other structures of this splendid city, for lightness, elegance, and classical simplicity of design. The Exciseoffice, which was formerly the Custom-house, is in the New-town, and is a handsome edi. fice. Of the churches in the town, the metropolitan church, dedicated to St. Giles, is the most ancient; it is built in the figure of a cross, and forms one side of the Parliament-square; it was erected into a collegiate church in 1466, but is said to have been founded nearly 600 years before; from the centre of the structure arises a lofty square tower, surmounted by slender arches of exquisite workmanship, supporting a hand some spire 161 feet in height, the whole exhibiting the resemblance of an imperial crown; the steeple contains a set of musical bells, on which, according to an old custom, tunes are played for an hour every forenoon. The other churches are, Trinity-College church, founded by Mary of Gueldres in 1462; the Old and New Greyfriars, the Tron, the Canongate, St. Cuthbert's, Lady Yester's, St. Andrew's, St. George's, St. Mary's, and St. Vincent's, with 5 chapels of ease; St. Andrew's and St. George's adorn the principal street of the New-town; St. Mary's church is a handsome structure, and from its position in the NE quarter of the New-town, it forms a striking object to travellers from the N; St. Vincent's church, erected in consequence of the progress of the New-town westward, is on a still more splendid plan: besides these places of worship, there are 4 for the Burghers, 3 for the Antiburghers, 4 for the Relief, 4 for the Baptists, 2 for the Independents, a Gaelic chapel, and I each for the Methodists, Cameronians, Bereans, Glassites, Unitarians,

Quakers, and Roman Catholics, and 6 for the Episcopalians: a Roman Catholic chapel was finished in 1814, in the purest Gothic style 3 of the Episcopal chapels are also of Gothic architecture; of these, St. Paul's and St. John's were consecrated in the beginning of 1818, and are perhaps two of the finest edifices in the country. The University of Edinburgh has long since attained to general celebrity; it was originally founded in the year 1582, when there was only one professor; all the different branches of literature, science, and philosophy, are now taught in this celebrated seminary; the total number of students is about 2000. The buildings of the University, founded by James VI, were ill suited to its future celebrity; part of them were taken down in 1789, and a magnificent structure, designed by William Adam, was begun, which was long suspended, but has been recommenced upon a reduced plan: to the University is attached a library, consisting of more than 50,000 volumes. The botanic garden, which was about a mile from the University, on the road leading from Edinburgh to Leith, has been removed to the N side of the town. The High-school, the principal grammarschool of the city, was established in 1578; owing to the increase of the town another school has been built in the New-town for the convenience of those who reside in this quarter: besides these establishments, there are other English schools under the patronage of the town-council; an academy for design under the patronage of the board of trustees; a royal academy for the practice of horsemanship; and a number of private seminaries. Of literary associations, the principal is the Royal Society, constituted in 1782; the Royal Society of Antiquaries, and the Wernerian Society; and the Astronomical Institution, established for the purpose of promoting the science of astronomy; it had an observatory on the Caltonhill, which has been superseded by an elegant one of larger dimensions. The Highland Society was established for advancing the interests of agriculture, manufactures, and arts, in the Highlands of Scotland: it distributes annually about £700 in premiums for inventions and improvements. There are, besides, the Faculty of Advocates, and the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. The principal charitable institution is Heriot's-hospital, which was endowed by George Heriot, jeweller to James VI, for educating and maintaining the sons of burgesses and freemen; it was erected in 1650, at the expense of 30,000l., after a beautiful Gothic design of the celebrated Inigo Jones: it consists of a large quadrangle, with a court in the interior, and it is crowned with a profusion of columns, turrets, and spires. There is also Watson's

hospital, for the sons and grandsons of poor citizens, the Merchants' Maiden hospital, for the daughters of decayed merchants,the Trades' Maiden hospital, for the daughters of tradesmen, -the Orphan hospital, -the Trinity hospital, for maintaining decayed burgesses, their wives, and unmarried daughters, Gillespie's hospital, for educating poor children, and for maintaining persons of both sexes who are above 55 years of age. There are 3 charity workhouses, an aylum for the industrious blind, a Magdalene asylum, a house of industry, and a society for the suppression of begging; also the royal-infirmary, a military-hospital, a lying-in-hospital, and 4 dispensaries, 2 for affording advice and medicines to the poor, and 2 for curing diseases in the eye and ear. The old prison of the city, which was erected in 1561, and which till 1640 accommodated the Scottish parliament and courts of justice, has been pulled down, and a handsome one on a large scale has been erected on the Calton-hill. On the east of this new building is Bridewell, founded in 1791. On the summit of Calton-hill is Nelson's monument, a circular column, 108 feet in height. The general post-office, formerly situated on the sw side of the Northbridge, now occupies a new and elegant edifice, with every suitable accommodation, in Waterloo-place, a splendid street which ranges on each side of Regent-bridge. There are here 13 banking-companies, of which the Bank-of-Scotland, the Royal-Bank, and the British - Linen - Company, are incorporated by royal charter: the Bank-ofScotland is an elegant modern building, situated on the acclivity s of the North-loch. The manufactures of Edinburgh are principally adapted for the consumption of its rich and luxurious inhabitants, consisting of household furniture; travelling carriages, which are executed in a style of superior elegance; of engraving in all its branches; the construction of musical instruments, &c.: there are also manufactures of glass and marble, in which equal taste and skill are displayed; and many weavers are employed in the working of linen, sarsnets, and fine shawls. There are also brass and iron manufactures, and distilleries of spirits in the neighbourhood; and Edinburgh has been long noted for its excellent ale. The trades of bookselling and printing are also carried on to a great extent, and various periodical and other works are published here, which have deservedly attained extensive celebrity. The places of public amusement are the theatre, the pantheon, and the assembly-rooms. A gas-light company has been established. Edinburgh is a royal burgh, and its council sends 1 M.P. The origin of Edinburgh is lost in the remote antiquity of barbarous times: about the year 854, according to the

accounts of the earlier historians, Edinburgh was a town of some note; in 1215, a parliament was assembled here for the first time; in 1437, the kings of Scotland usually resided in it, and held regular parliaments; and about the year 1456 it was considered the metropolis of Scotland; 42 m E Glasgow, and 396 NNW London; P. 162,156: Lg. 3.12 w, Lt. 55.58 N.

EDINBURGH, NEW; see CALEDONIA.

EDLINSKO, a town of Russia, province of Poland, voévod Sandomir, on the Kadomka: an academy and gymnasium.

EDWARDSVILLE, a county-town of North America, United States, state Illinois, Madison county, on the Cahokia, 22 m NE St. Louis, and 55 Vandalia.

EFFERDING, a town of Austria, with a castle, near the Danube, 12 m w Lintz.

EFFINGHAM, a village of England, county Surry, 12 m NE Guildford, once much larger; in the church are some ancient stalls and monuments; P. 565.

EFREMOW, a town of Russia, government Toula, chief of district, on the left bank of the Crasivaïa-Metcho, 193 ms Toula, formerly fortified with ramparts of earth; 5 suburbs, 6 churches, 4 annual fairs; country fertile; P. 3000.

EGELN, a post-town of Prussia, province Sachsen, 31⁄2 German m by road sw Magdeburgh; post-road to Quedlinburgh; P. 2100.

EGENBURG, a town of Austria, noted for good wine, 13 m sw Znaim.

EGERSEK, a town of Austria, Hungary, 27 m SSE Stein-am-Anger.

ÆGINA, or ENGINA, an island of the kingdom of Greece, gulf-of-Egina, department Attica-and-Bœtia, 36 m in circuit, surrounded by rocks, and has no harbour; Ægina is the chief town, 20 m sw Athens, 36 ESE Corinth: Lg. 23.27 E, Lt. 37.44 N of the town, which is situated on the w side.

EGLISAU, a town and castle of Switzerland, canton Zurich, on the Rhine, 13 m N Zurich.

EGMONT ISLAND, a small, low, coral rock in the Pacific; inhabitants friendly; N point, Lg. 139.12.03 w, Lt. 19.22.59 s.BEECHEY.

EGMONT-OP-DEN-HOEJ, a village of Holland, in North-Holland, 3 m wsw Alk

maar.

It appears to have been a considerable town, but was destroyed in 1573, by the enraged Spaniards, after their failure before Alkmaar, and now exhibits extensive and picturesque ruins. Near it are two

Q

see PERM.

EGOCHINSKOI, rich copper-mine, Russia; EGORIEFSK, a town of Russia, government Rezan, chief of district, right bank of Goulenka, 81 m Rezan; chief trade hops; 2 churches; P. 600.

EGRA, or EGER, a fortified town of Austria, in Bohemia; castle and college; taken by the French in 1742, but forced to evacuate the next year through famine; manufactures leather, hats, cloths, and stuffs; mineral waters; on the Egra, 90 m w by N Prague: Lg. 12.27 E, Lt. 50.5 м.

EGREMONT, a town of England, county Cumberland, near the Irish-sea, on the Eben, 5 m SSE Whitehaven, 298 NW London; market on Saturday; on the w side is a mount, with the ruins of a castle; 3 m SE, in the wooded vale of the Calder, are the remains of Calder-abbey; P. 1741. Pollingplace.

EGRIPO; see NEGROPONT.

EGYPT, a country of Africa, 500 m in length, and 250 where broadest; bounded N by the Mediterranean, E by the Red-sea and the isthmus of Suez, s by Nubia, and w by the deserts E of Fezzan. The broadest part is from Alexandria to Damietta, and thence it gradually grows narrower, till it approaches Nubia. This country, so famous in history for its fertility, has not that extent of cultivation as in ancient times; for many lakes and canals, with the lands they watered, are now become deserts, the sands of which annually accumulate. Egypt is divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower; the first is sometimes called Said, the second extends thence to Cairo, and the last comprehends the Delta. Though the air is naturally hot, and not very wholesome, it enjoys so many other advantages, that it has been always extremely populous. The ancient kings governed Egypt, till Cambyses became master of it, 525 years B. C., and in their time all those wonderful structures were raised, and works perfected, which we cannot behold without astonishment, These are the pyramids, the labyrinth, the immense grottos in Thelaid; the obelisks, temples, and pompous palaces; the lake Mæris, and the vast canals, which served both for trade, and to render the land fruitful. After this conquest, Cambyses demolished the temples, and persecuted the priests. This country continued under the Persian yoke till the time of Alexander-the-Great, who, having

conquered Persia, built the city of Alexandria. He was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeeded each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last Ptolemy, ascended the throne, when Egypt became a Roman-province, and continued so till the reign of Omar, the second califf of the successors of Mahomed, who drove out the Romans after it had been in their hands 700 years. When the power of the califfs declined, Saladin set up the empire of the Mamelouks, which became so powerful in time, that they extended their dominions over a great part of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Last of all, Selim, a Turkish emperor, conquered Egypt. The present population of Egypt is computed at 2,500,000, which is not one-half of the number it contained when subject to the Romans. The inhabitants are composed of three different races of people: the Turks, who are now masters of the country; the Arabs, who were conquered by the Turks; and the Copths, who are descended from the first Egyptians that became Christians. Prior to 1811 there was a fourth race, called Mamelouks, who were originally Circassian or Mingrelian slaves, and for a long time the only military force in the country. During many years Egypt was distracted by the civil wars between the different contending beys, by which its 24 provinces were governed. The famous Hassen Ali, the Turkish admiral, gained several victories over them in 1786; but though he repressed, he could not totally subdue them. The French invaded this country in 1798, under general Buonaparte, who defeated the Mamelouks in seve ral engagements; but on the sudden departure of Buonaparte, in 1799, and a strong British force arriving to aid the country, the French were expelled in 1801. The Turks have since kept an army here. In 1811, Mahomed Ali, the pacha, having notice of a conspiracy formed by the beys, he, under the plea of a solemn feast, induced 800 of the chief Mamelouks to join in a procession to the citadel of Cairo; where they were entrapped between the outward and inward wall, many of them shot, and the rest beheaded. The like number were afterward killed in the neighbouring towns and villages, and their massacre was pursued into Nubia; thus the race of Mamelouks became extirpated. Egypt carried on a considerable trade in East-India commodities till the Portuguese found their way round the Cape-of-Good-Hope. However, the merchants of Europe visit the harbours in the Mediterranean, and import and export several sorts of merchandise; and from other parts the natives procure elephant teeth, ostrich feathers, ebony, golddust, musk, civet, ambergris, coffee, gums, and drugs. The principal commodities