FOREST-TOWNS, four towns, formerly of Suabia, but now of Baden, on the Rhine and confines of Switzerland, at the entrance of the Black-Forest; their names are Waldschut, Luffenburg, Seckingen, and Rheinfelden.

FOREZ, an old province of France, E of Auvergne, and w of Lyonois, which now forms the department Loire.

FORFAR, a borough of Scotland, capital of county Forfar: contains many neat modern houses, and manufactures coarse linen and shoes: in an extensive plain, 14m NE Dundee; P. 7949: Lg. 2.52 w, Lt. 56.37 Ν.

FORFAR, or ANGUS, a county of Scotland, 48 m long by 42, bounded on the x by Aberdeenshire, NE by Kincardineshire, SE by the German-ocean, s by the frith-of-Tay, and w by Perthshire; contains about 593,600 acres, and is divided into 53 parishes: has many lakes and hills, but is fruitful in corn and pasture: marl is found in most of the lakes, freestone abounds in many parts, and there are several limestone quarries: the principal rivers are, the North and SouthEsk; largest town, Dundee; P. 99,127 in 1801, and 139,606 in 1831.

FORGES, a town of France, department Basse-Seine, celebrated for its mineral waters, 24 m ENE Rouen.

FORLI, a town of Italy, Romagna, with a castle, 10 churches, and many convents, in a fertile country, near the Rones, 11 m ssw Ravenna.

FORMOSA, an island of Asia, in the Chinasea, between 22 and 26 N Lt., and separated from China by a channel about 80 m where narrowest; it is 240 m from N to s, by 70 in its broadest part, but is greatly contracted at the s extremity; not known to the Chinese till the year 1430. A chain of mountains, running its whole length, divides it into two parts, the E and w: the inhabitants of the E side are described as savages, who in features and complexion resemble the Malays, but speak a language that has no affinity to any other. The Dutch built the fort of Zealandia, in the w part, in 1634, and were driven thence in 1681, by a Chinese pirate, who seized all the w part; but in 1682 it submitted to the emperor of China: contains extensive and fertile plains, watered by a great number of rivulets from the mountains, and produces abundance of corn and rice, most of the Indian fruits,

many of those of Europe, tobacco, sugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon, a great number of oxen, which are used for riding, but no horses. In 1782 this island was almost totally destroyed by a hurricane and dreadful inundation of the sea; Tai-wan is the capital.

FORNOVO, a town of Italy, Parmesan, near which, in 1495, Charles VIII of France obtained a victory over the princes of Italy; 8m wsw Parma.

E side of

FORRES, a borough of Scotland, county Elgin, on an eminence near the the Findhorn, 10 m E by N Nairn, and 16 w by s Elgin; the river here expands into a lake, and soon after enters the frithof-Moray, at the village of Findhorn, which is the port of Forres. Here are manufactures of linen and cotton, and a valuable salmon-fishery: w of the town is a column, called Sweno's-stone, covered with antique sculpture, said to have been erected in memory of a victory obtained over the Danes in 1008; P. 3895.

FORSTE, a town of Prussia, province Brandenburg, with a castle; manufactures, linen and woollen-cloths and carpets; on a little island in the Neisse, 15 ms by w Guben.

FORT-AUGUSTUS, Scotland, county Inverness, at the extremity of Lochness, 32 msw Inverness.

FORT-DAUPHIN, on the E coast of Madagascar, built by the French: Lg. 46.49 E, Lt. 25.1 s.

FORT-DE-L'EGUILETTE, Mediterranean, France, department Le-Var, on a point at the w entrance of the inner-road of

Toulon harbour.

FORT-DOUGLAS, a colony of North America, planted by lord Selkirk, at the conflux of the Red-river and the Assimboin, about 40 ms of lake-Winnipeek, and contains about 600 inhabitants. _ Erpedition to Lake Winnipeek.

FORTEAU, a port and extensive bay of North America, on the SE coast of Labrador, at the entrance of the strait-of-Bellisle from the gulf-of-St.-Lawrence; the most considerable British establishment in the strait-ofBellisle: Lg. 56.55 w, Lt. 51.30 м.

FORT-ERIE, a strong fortification of Upper-Canada, near the NE end of lakeErie, and on the w bank of the Niagara. In 1814 it was taken by the Americans, cans, who evacuated it some months afterwards, having first blown-up the works; 24 ms by E Fort-Niagara: Lg. 78.59 w, Lt. 42.54 N.

FORT-GEORGE, a fort of Scotland, county Inverness, 12 m NE Inverness.

FORT-LOUIS, or FORT-VAUBAN, a town and fort of France, department Rhine, built by Louis XIV, on an island formed by the Rhine: in 1793 it was taken by the

wbys London; P. 1767: Lg. 4.37 w, Lt. 50.19 N.

FOX-ISLANDS, or ALEUTIAN-ISLANDS, a group of islands in the Northern Archipelago, Pacific-ocean, 16 in number, near the extremity of the peninsula of Alaska, on the w coast of America, between 52 and 55 N Lt. The largest island is called Oonalaschka, and each has a peculiar name; but this general name is given to the whole group, on account of the great number of black, gray, and red foxes, with which they abound. The dress of the inhabitants consists of a cap, and a fur coat that reaches down to their knees; some wear a cap of party-coloured bird-skin, upon which is left part of the wings and tail: on the forepart of their hunting and fishing caps they place a small board, like a screen, adorned with the jawbones of sea-bears, and ornamented with glass beads, which they receive in barter from the Russians. They feed upon the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and generally eat it raw: the provision intended for keeping is dried without salt, in the open air. Their weapons are bows, arrows, and darts; and for defence they use wooden shields. The most perfect equality reigns among them: they have neither chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor punishments. They live together in families, and societies of several families united, which form what they call a race, who, in case of attack or defence, mutually aid each other: they have a good share of plain natural sense, but are rather slow of understanding, and seem cold and indifferent in most of their actions; yet, if an injury, or even a mere suspicion, rouse them from this phlegmatic state, they become furious and revengeful. The Russians call these islands the Lyssie Ostrova.

FOXFORD, a town of Ireland, county Mayo, 12 m NE Castlebar.

Foz, a town of Portugal, province Alentejo, 24 m NE Lisboa.

FRAGA, a town of Spain, Aragon, strong by situation, on the Cinca, whose high banks are difficult of access. Alphonso VII, king of Aragon, was killed here by the Moors, in 1134, when he besieged this town: 63 MESE Saragossa.

FRAMLINGHAM, a town of England, county Suffolk, with a market on Saturday.

Here are the remains of a castle; and to this place princess Mary retired when lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen, and found that support which soon seated her on the throne: 30 m E Bury, and 87 NE London; P. 2445. Polling-place.

FRANCANILLA, a town of Italy, Naples, in Terra-de-Otranto; a trade in oil, cottonstockings, and snuff: 15 m ENE Tarento.

FRANCE, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the s by the English-channel, Belgium, and a detached portion of Holland, being

about half of the grand-duchy of Luxemberg, Prussia, and a detached portion of Bavaria, E by the grand-duchy of Baden, Switzerland, and Sardinia, s by the Mediterranean-sea and Spain, and w by the Atlantic-ocean. From the Pyrenees in the s, to Dunkirk in the N, its extent is 625 m, and something more from the most easterly part of Alsace to the most western point of Bretagne, which province, it must be observed, extends above 100 m further into the ocean than any other part of the kingdom: the climate is temperate, and the soil productive of all the necessaries of life, and, among its luxuries, of the most excellent wines. The principal rivers are, the Seine, Loire, Rhone, and Gironde, and there are many others, which give name to the departments in the new division of this country. The most considerable mountains are, the Alps, Pyrenees, Cevennes, and Vosges. France was an absolute monarchy, governed by kings, from the time of Clovis in 486, to the death of Louis XVI in 1793. It was divided into several military governments or provinces, namely, Alsace, Angoumois, Anjou, Armagnac, Artois, Aunis, Auvergne, Barrois, Basques, Bearn, Berry, Bigorre, Blasois, Boulounois, Bourbonois, Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cambresis, Champagne, Couserans, Dauphiny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comté, French Flanders, Gascony, Gevaudan, Guienne, French Hainault, Isle of France, Languedoc, Limosin, Lorrain, Lyonois, March, Maine, Marsan, Navarre, Nivernois, Normandy, Orleanois, Perche, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Provence, Quercy, Rouergue, Rousillon, Saintonge, Soissonois, Touraine, Velay, and Vermandois. These varied much from each other in point of extent and importance: and there were others of inferior consideration. The established religion was the Roman Catholic; and the ecclesiastical division of the country was into 18 archbishoprics and 113 episcopal sees, exclusive of Avignon, Carpentras, Cavaillon, and Vaison, which belonged to the pope. But in 1789 a wonderful revolution took place: the deranged state of the finances of the country induced Louis XVI to convoke the States-general, which had not been assembled since 1614; they assembled at Versailles, and assumed the title of the National Assembly. On the removal of the popular minister an insurrection ensued in Paris, the military refused to fire upon the people, the Bastile was taken by the citizens, and the governor and some others were mur. dered. The National Assembly now divested monarchy of its formidable prerogatives, abolished nobility and the whole feudal system, confiscated the possessions of the clergy and suppressed all the religious houses. In consequence of a riot at Versailles, the royal family and the National Assembly removed to Paris: the king was now, in fact, a state prisoner, and he attempted to escape in 1791,

with the queen, his sister, the dauphin, and his daughter, but they were arrested at Varennes, and conducted back to Paris. In 1792 another insurrection ensued; the royal residence was attacked, the Swiss-guards were massacred, and the king and royal family took refuge in the National Assembly: that body instantly decreed the suspension of royalty, and the convocation of a national convention: the king and his family were conveyed to the Temple, and kept in close confinement. The National Convention met, and instantly decreed the formation of a republic; they afterward tried and condemned the king, who was beheaded in 1793; the queen was afterward tried, condemned, and executed; and the king's sister was beheaded in 1794. The dauphin and his sister remained in confinement; the princess was soon after taken to the confines of Germany, where she was exchanged for some French deputies, but of the fate of the dauphin no certainty exists. Various factions successively seized the helm of government, and many of the most popular patriots, and of those who had voted for the death of the king, perished on the scaffold or in exile and misery. At the close of 1794 this reign of terror gave place to a more moderate system; and although, at one period, the shutting up of churches, and the formation of a new calendar, indicated open hostility to the Christian religion, the Convention found it necessary, at last, to permit again the exercise of religious worship. With respect to the war, it may be sufficient to state, that after four campaigns, in which great reverses of fortune were experienced, the French nation, before the conclusion of 1795, was in possession of Savoy and Belgium, and had made such progress in Holland, Spain, Italy, and Germany, as to procure a peace with Prussia and Spain, and form an alliance with Holland. In 1796, under general Bonaparte, they subdued the whole of Lombardy, and penetrating through the Tyrol, threatened the city of Vienna, where the emperor commenced a negociation for peace. In the mean time the French turned their arms against Venice, which government they revolutionized, and by the treaty of peace at Campo-Formio, in 1797, they ceded the city and the greater part of the territory to Austria. In 1798 the French sent general Bonaparte with a formidable army into Egypt; the emperor of Germany formed an alliance with Russia; and the Turks declared against France, on account of the invasion of Egypt. In 1799 the French entered Germany, but were soon compelled to return, and hostilities were at the same time commenced in Switzerland, where they gained several advantages; but they were almost entirely driven out of Italy. The affairs of the republic in Egypt were not prosperous, and general Bonaparte having found means to escape thence arrived

at Paris: he found the authority of the directory greatly weakened, and, aided by the bayonets of a few soldiers, he effected another revolution, and three consuls were appointed to govern the republic: a new constitution was afterward formed, in which almost all power was vested in the first consul, general Bonaparte. In 1800 the campaign in Italy commenced, and for the most part with loss to the French till the arrival of Bonaparte, who gained a victory at Marengo, which reinstated them in the full possession of that country. The war in Germany was prosecuted with vigour by the French, who pursued their successes into the territories of Austria, where they concluded an armistice with the emperor, and a treaty of peace was signed early in 1801, at Luneville. France now endeavoured to negociate a peace with Britain, the preliminaries of which were settled in London, and the treaty was signed at Amiens in 1802; but this treaty held little more than a year, the French deeming it violated by the English refusing to evacuate Malta. Bonaparte was now appointed consul for life, but his ambition aspired to the throne, and in 1804 he assumed the title of emperor of the French, and was crowned by the pope. In 1805 the war in Germany was again renewed, and the French, headed by their emperor, Napoleon, made such rapid progress, that after the battle of Austerlitz, the em. peror of Germany was necessitated to negociate for peace, and a treaty between the two emperors was signed at Presburg. In 1806 several of the German princes entered into an alliance with France; and a treaty called the Confederation of the Rhine, under the protection of Napoleon, was signed at Paris. Soon after the king of Prussia took the field against France and these princes: the opposing armies met near Jena, and the allies were victorious. A Russian army advanced to assist the Prussians, but in 1807 their united forces were defeated at Friedland, which battle was decisive, and a treaty of peace was signed at Tilsit. From 1808 to 1813 France carried on war in Por. tugal and Spain with variable success; but, after the battle of the Pyrenees, the French were driven back into their own country: they were followed by the allied forces under lord Wellington, who, after several successes, in 1814, defeated marshal Soult at Tarbes, and afterwards at Toulouse. For the fatal campaigns of Napoleon in 1812 and 1813, in Russia and Germany, those countries may be referred to. At the commencement of 1814 the armies of Russia, Austria, and Prussia crossed the Rhine into France, headed by their sovereigns, who commenced their approaches toward the capital in different directions. They were opposed by Napoleon; but after various retreats and advances, the combined armies reached Paris, where, on March 30, the French army, under Joseph Buonaparte, was defeated, and the city surrendered by capitulation: this was followed by the abdication of Napoleon, and the restoration of the Bourbon family. Soon afterwards Napoleon was sent to Elba, the place appointed for his future residence; but in 1815 he found means to escape thence, with a few adherents, and landed near Cannes, on the SE coast of France, where he met with no opposition. Louis XVIII sent an army to oppose him, under marshal Ney, but he traitorously joined Napoleon, who reached Paris without firing a musket, and immediately resumed the reigns of government. The king and princes had left the city the preceding day for Lisle, and they afterward proceeded to Ghent. The fortified line of the Netherlands towards France, which was occupied by strong garrisons, chiefly in British pay, were now greatly reinforced under the duke of Wellington; and a Prussian army, under prince Blucher, soon arrived in the vicinity of Namur. Napoleon left Paris to oppose this force, and gained several advantages till the 18th of June, when he was totally defeated near Waterloo, and filed back to Paris, where he withdrew himself in privacy. The two conquering armies entered France, and advanced on to Paris, of which they became masters by a military convention signed at St. Cloud. Louis reentered his capital, and the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, arrived, followed by the armies of the two emperors. Treaties of peace were signed at Paris on November 20, between Louis and each of the allied powers; the first article declaring that the frontiers of France should remain as they were in 1790, with the exception of a few trifling cessions of territory. Napoleon by some means reached Rochefort, where finding it in vain to escape by sea, he surrendered himself to a British man of war, which sailed immediately for England, and soon anchored in Torbay; he there remained on board till another ship was prepared for his reception, which carried him, as an exiled general, to St. Helena, where he died in 1821. In 1824 Louis XVIII died, and was succeeded by his brother Charles X; and in 1831 a revolution terminated by expelling him and his family from France, when Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, was placed on the throne. It is now proper to go back and notice other particulars of this country. The Roman Catholic religion was re-established in France, by a convention between the pope and the first consul, in 1801; and the ecclesiastical division of the country is into 10 archbishoprics and 50 bishoprics. The Protestant religion is also tolerated; and the new calendar ceased at the close of the year 1805. The political division of the country is into 84 departments, nearly equal in extent, instead of the ancient provinces: their names are

Ain, Aisne, Allier, Upper Alps, Lower Alps, Ardeche, Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Aveiron, Calvados, Cantal, Charente, Lower Charente, Cher, Correzè, Côte d'Or, Côtes du Nord, Creuse, Dordogne, Doubs, Drome, Eure, Eure and Loir, Finisterre, Gard, Upper Garonne, Gers, Gironde, Herault, Ille and Villaine, Indre, Indre and Loire, Isere, Jura, Landes, Loir and Cher, Loire, Upper Loire, Lower Loire, Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere, Manche, Marne, Upper Marne, Mayenne, Mayenne and Loire, Meurte, Meuse, Morbihan, Moselle, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Orne, Paris, Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Upper Pyrenees, Lower Pyrenees, Eastern Pyrenees, Upper Rhine, Lower Rhine, Rhone, Mouths of the Rhone, Upper Saone, Saone and Loire, Sarte, Seine, Lower Seine, Seine and Marne, Seine and Oise, Sevres (Two), Somme, Tarn, Var, Vaucluse, Vendée, Vienne, Upper Vienne, Vosges, and Yonne. Area 10,086 square m; P. 30,691,000 in 1821, and 32,560,934 in 1831. Paris is the metropolis.

FRANCHE-COMTE, an old province of France, bordering on Switzerland; it now forms the departinents Haute-Saone, Doubs,

and Jura.

FRANCONIA, one of the former divisions of Germany, called circles, bounded N by Upper-Saxony, E by Bohemia and the palatinate of Bavaria, s by Suabia, and w by the circles of the Rhine, all of which are now obsolete.

FRANKENER, a town of Holland, province Friesland, 6 m E by N Harlingen, with a castle and university; public buildings and palaces magnificent, with two navigable canals.

FRANKENAU, a town of Hesse-Cassel, 26 msw Cassel.

FRANKENBURG, a town of Saxony, with considerable manufacture of woollen stuffs, 7 m NNE Chemnitz.

FRANKENHAUSEN, a town of Schwarzburg; extensive salt-works; 23 m N Erfurt.

FRANKENSTEIN, a town of Prussia, province Silesia, 43 ms by w Breslau.

FRANKENTHAL, a town of a detached part of Bavaria; manufactures of stuffs, silks, cloths, &c.; canal to the Rhine; taken by the French in 1793, retaken by the allies in 1794; 2 m w of the Rhine, and

5s Worms.

FRANKFORD, a town of Ireland, King's county, on the Silver-river and the Grandcanal, 20 m wsw Philiptown.

FRANKFORT, 3 in North America, United States: - 1st, a town, state Maine, Walden county; P. 2487.-2nd, a town, state New-York, Herkimer county; P. 2620.3rd, a county town, state Kentucky, Frank