ISPERLICK, a town of Europe, Turkey, in Servia, 24 m NNE Nissa.

ISSEL; see RIVER-YSSEL. ISSENGEAUX, a town of France, department Haute-Loire, 17 m NE Puy.

ISSEQUIBO, a settlement of South America, Guyana, on the Issequibo, and contiguous to that of Demerara. The river is 20 m wide at its mouth, and more than 300 in length. See DEMERARA.

ISSOIRE, a town of France, department Puy-de-dome, 15 m SSE Clermont.

ISSOUDUN, a town of France, department Indre, with a castle, and a trade in wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings; 17 m w Bourges, 135 s Paris.

ISSURDU, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Ajmeer, enclosed by a wall and ditch. It is well built, with a citadel in the centre, 26 m SE Ajmeer.

ISTRIA, a peninsula of Austria, kingdom Illyria, on the NE part of the gulf-of-Venice. It is bounded by Carniola on the NE, and on all other sides by the sea. The soil produces plenty of wine, oil, and pasture; and there are quarries of fine marble; also forests that produce abundance of fire-wood, ship-timber, and game. Capo-d'Istria is the capital.

It

ISUME, a fortified town of Russia, government Kharkof, chief of district. stands on both banks of the Severnoï-Donetz, 88 m Kharkof; one of the fortresses of the line of the Ukraine against the incursions of the Tartars of the Crimée. It has, moreover, a citadel on a mount, works of earth, and a dry ditch. It has also 4 churches and 24 shops; P. 4500.

ISVESKOVOÏ-REDOUTE, Russia, government Tobolsk, district Semipalatinsk; is one the forts of the military line of Irtyche.

ISTHMUS-OF-DARIEN, a narrow neck of land, comprising the provinces of Darien, Panama, and Veragua. It is about 300 m long, and from 37 to 60 in breadth; it unites North and South America. The narrowest part is sometimes called the isthmus-of-Panama.

ITALY, the name of a large country in the s of Europe, bounded N by Switzerland and Austria, E by Turkey, s and sw by the Mediterranean, and w by France and the Mediterranean. Nearly the whole of the Adriatic-sea, extending from the sw extremity to near the N is within its limits. The islands are numerous, particularly along the E shore of the Adriatic; but those of most note are Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. The N and NE belongs to Austria; the w to Sardinia; the middle contains the republic of St. Marin, the duchies of Massa, Modena, Lucca, Parma, the principality of Monaco, the grand-duchy of Tuscany, and the States

of the Church; the s, including the island of Sicily, is the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Its figure has been compared to that of a high boot. This classical and interesting country has been, in all ages of history, divided into 3 parts, the N, central, and ́s. The N had the appellation of Cisalpine Gaul; the central was the seat of Roman and Etrurian power; and the s, having received many Greek colonies, was called Magna-Græcia. In the middle ages the kingdom of Lombardy and that of Naples held the N and s extremes, and the Ecclesiastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre. In more modern times Lombardy became divided into a great number of states; and previous to the late alterations made by the French the whole country was divided in the following manner. Between the confines of France and Switzerland, on the w and N, were the continental dominions of the king of Sardinia, namely, Savoy, Nice, Piedmont, part of Milanese, and Oneglia. To the NE were the territories of Venice, which are enumerated under that article. South of these were the dominions of the emperor of Germany, namely, part of Milanese and Mantuan; and s of the latter is Modenese, which belonged to the duke of Modena. West of Modenese is the duchy of Parma, whose sovereign was of the house of Bourbon; to the sw of which was the republic of Genova ; and SE of this, that of Lucca. Hence extends, along the coast of the Mediterranean, the grand duchy of Tuscany. The States of the Church lie NE and E of Tuscany, between the gulf-of-Venice and the Mediterranean; and all s of this is the kingdom of the two Sicilies, or Naples. Of the state of this country, while under the domination of France, a brief account must be given. Savoy, Nice, and Piedmont, were annexed to France. By the treaty of Campo-Formio, in 1797, the Venetian territories E and N of the Adige were ceded to Austria: and the remainder of the Venetian states, with the duchies of Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of Massa, and 3 legations of Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna in the Ecclesiastical States, were erected into a government, and called the Cisalpine republic. This republic, in 1802, received a new constitution, under the name of the Italian republic, and Bonaparte, then first consul of France, was elected president. In 1805, the Italian republic was erected into a kingdom, and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, assumed the title of king of Italy. Then the Austrian part of the Venetian states were added to its territories by the treaty of Presburg; and afterward Valteline and the counties of Chiavenne and Bormio, from the country of the Grisons, were annexed. The kingdom of Italy was divided into departments, and the

city of Milan made the capital. See TusCANY, ECCLESIASTICAL STATE, and NAPLES, for further changes in the government of this country, while under the control of France. But in 1814, on the downfal of Napoleon, all the alterations caused by France were abolished by the pacification of Paris, and the pope, the emperor of Austria, and the king of Sardinia, restored to their former possessions and the emperor of Austria took the title of king of Lombardy. In 1815, at the congress of Vienna, the duchy of Parma was given to the empress Maria-Louisa, to possess in full sovereignty; and the republics of Genova and Lucca were erected into duchies, the first to be held by the king of Sardinia, and the other by her majesty the infanta Maria-Louisa, widow of prince Louis of Parma, who for some time governed Tuscany, under the title of king of Etruria. The climate of Italy is very different according to the various situations of its provinces in those on the NE side of the Apennines it is more temperate; but on the sw it is very warm. In Campagna-diRoma, and Ferrarese, the air is said to be unwholesome, from the lands not being duly cultivated, nor the marshes drained; but in the other parts it is generally dry and healthy. The principal rivers are the Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, and Yar; and there are several fine lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracciano, and Celano. The country produces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe; excellent silk in abundance; corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in other countries; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raisins, sugar, figs, peaches, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, chesnuts, &c. Most of these fruits were at first imported by the Romans from AsiaMinor, Greece, and Africa, and were not the natural products of the soil. It also yields good pasture, and abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buffalos, wild boars, mules, and horses. The forests are well stored with game; and the mountains afford iron, lead, alum, sulphur, marble, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &c., with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, shrubs, and evergreen. Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are the principal articles of exportation; and great sums of money are expended by travellers in the purchase of pictures, curiosities, relics, antiquities, &c. No country has produced better politicians, historians, poets, musicians, painters, and sculptors; that is, since the revival of the arts and sciences, exclusive of those of ancient times. The Italians are generally well proportioned, but of their complexion they cannot boast. With respect to dress, they follow the fashions of the countries on which they border, or to which they are

subject. They are very affable, courteous, ingenious, sober, and ready-witted; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lascivious, ceremonious, and superstitious. In their disposition they are a medium between the French and Spaniards. Their fondness for fruits and vegetables of all kinds contributes to their contentment and satisfaction; and an Italian gentleman or peasant can be luxurious at a very small expense. The women affect yellow hair, as did formerly the Roman ladies and courtezans, and use paints and washes, both for their hands and face. Masquerades, gaming, horse-races without riders, and conversations or assemblies, are the chief diversions of the Italians, excepting religious exhibitions, in which they are pompous beyond all other nations. There are 41 archbishoprics in Italy; but the bishoprics are too indefinite to be enumerated, the pope creating or suppress ing them as he pleases. The established religion is the Roman-Catholic; but all sects live unmolested, provided no gross insult is offered to their own worship. The Italian language, a corruption of the Latin, is remarkable for its smoothness, and is said to be spoken in its greatest purity at Florence; P. 19,760,753.

ITATA, a province of South America, Chili, watered by the Itata. The best wine in Chili is obtained here; and, being produced from lands belonging to the inhabitants of Concepcion, has received the name of Concepcion. Much gold is found in the mountains and rivers. The capital is Cou lemu.

ITEZHOE, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, with a fort. A duty is exacted here from all ships coming up the Stoer, on which it is seated, 12 m NNE Gluckstadt, 33 NW Hamburg.

IVANGOROD, a strong castle of Russia, government Petersburg, on the Narova, opposite to Narva and its castle; built in 1492, on a rock. It was ceded to Sweden in 1612, and restored to Russia in 1721.

IVANOVO, a large bourg of Russia, government Vladimir, district Chouïa, belonging to count Cheremetief. The streets are well built and straight; and it has manufactures of fine linen cloths and prints. It

contains 4 churches and about 1000 houses.

IVELCHESTER; see ILCHESTER.

IVICA, or EVIZA, an island of Spain, Mediterranean, 56 m sw Majorca. It is about 60 m in circuit, and mountainous, but rich in corn and fruit. A great quan tity of salt is made here, highly esteemed for its whiteness. The capital, of the same name, which stands on the s side of the island, is little more than a fortress, and has a good harbour: Lg. 1.25 E, Lt. 38.52 N.

IVINGHOE, a town of England, county

Buckingham, with a market on Friday, and manufactures of bone lace; 6 m sw Dunstable, 33 Nw London; P. 1648.

IVOIX; see CARIGNAN.

IVORY-COAST, a country of Africa, Guinea, extending along the Atlantic from cape-Palmas to the Ancoba, between the Grain-coast and Gold-coast. Here are found abundance of elephant teeth, whence it is called the Tooth-coast; and whatever the Gold-coast produces is also found here in greater abundance and perfection. The inhabitants are reputed to be the most savage and barbarous on the whole coast of Guinea.

IVREA, a city of Italy, Sardinia, Piedmont. It is a bishop's see, and has a fort, citadel, and castle. The cathedral is said

to have been anciently a temple of Apollo,

beside which there are 4 other churches, and several religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, between 2 hills, 20 m N Turin, 32 E by N Susa.

IVRY, a town of France, department Eure, with a Benedictine abbey; on the Eure, 12 m SE Evreux.

IXWORTH, a town of England, county Suffolk, with a market on Friday, 7 m NE Bury St. Edmund, 77 NE London; P. 106.

IZARD, a county of North America, United States, Arkansas territory, Izard county-town; P. 1266 in 1830.

IZIGINSK, a town of Asia, Russia, Siberia, province of Okhotsk, defended by lofty palisades, and wooden bastions provided with cannon and military stores. It has a trade in furs and the skins of reindeer, and is seated on the Izigin, 15 m from its mouth, and 520 NE Okhotsk: Lg. 160.10 E, Lt. 63.40 N.

IZQUINTINANGO, a town of North America, Mexico, province Chiapa. The vicinity produces cotton and a great number of pine-apples. It is 100 m SE Chiapa: Lg. 93.45 w, Lt. 16.10 N.

J

JABLONNA, a small post-town of Russia, province Poland, on the right bank of the Vistula, 24 German m, by post-road, NNW Warzsawa: Lg. 21.20 E, Lt. 52.23 N.

JABLUNKAU, a town of Austria, Moravia, province Teschen, with a fort near it, which defends a defile toward Hungary, 12 m SSE Teschen.

JACA, a fortified city of Spain, province Aragon, a bishop's see, with a fort. It is seated on the Jaca, among the mountains of Jaca, which are a part of the Pyrenees, 52 m x by E Saragossa.

JACATRA, a country of Asia, in the w part of the Island-of-Java, with the town and fortress of Jacatra, near Batavia, now the seat of government. The produce is coffee, sugar, ginger, rice, indigo, cotton, arrack, turmeric, and cadjang or lentiles, from which last oil is pressed.

JACI-REALE, or JACID-D'AQUILA, a town on the E coast of Sicily, in Val-di-Demona, at the mouth of the Fiume-Freddo, the ancient Acis, celebrated by the story of Acis and Galatea. Large quantities of wine and fruit are exported hence. It is 13 m NNE Catania.

JACKSON, 11 counties in North America, United States-1st, state Georgia, Jeffer bama, Bellefonte county-town; P. 12,702.— son county-town; P. 9000.-2nd, state Ala3rd, state Mississippi, Jackson county-town; P. 1789.-4th, state Tennessee, w district, Gainsborough county-town; P. 9902.-5th, state Ohio, Jackson county-town; P. 5974. -6th, state Indiana, Brownstown countytown; P. 4894.-7th, state Illinois, Brownsville county-town, P. 1827.-8th, state Missouri, Independence county-town; P. 2822. -9th, Florida territory, county West-Florida, Mariana_county-town.-10th, Michigan territory, Jacksonopolis county-town.11th, Arkansas territory, Litchfield countytown; P. 333 in 1830.

JACKSONBOROUGH, a county-town of North America, United States, state Georgia, Scriven county, on the Savanah, 60 m NW Savanah.

JACKTALL, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Hydrabad, 51 m NNW Warangol.

JACOBINA, a town of South America, Brazil, province Bahia, capital of a district, containing the w portion of the province. The small stream Rio-do-Oiro divides it into 2 parts, which are united by a bridge. It stands near the left bank of the Itapicura, 200 m NW Bahia: Lg. 41.40 w, Lt. 11.10 s.

JAEN, a fortified city of Spain, province Andalusia, a bishop's see with a castle. It is seated in a country producing excellent fruit and very fine silk, at the foot of a mountain, 60 m E by s Cordova.

JAEN, or JAEN-DE-BRACAMOROS, a town of South America, Quito, capital of a district, which produces abundance of tobacco and cotton. It is situated on the Chirchipe, 300 m s Quito: Lg. 78.28 w, Lt. 5.24 s.

key, Syria, Palestine, formerly a celebrated JAFFA, or JOPPA, a town of Asia, Tarcity, the chief port of Judea, but entirely fallen from its ancient grandeur, on the Mediterranean, and on the N end of a promontory up whose steep the houses appear rising above each other. It is surrounded by a wall, except towards the sea. The anchorage is defended by 3 forts: and the

harbour will only admit small vessels. Its commerce is fruit and grain. In 1799 it was taken by the French under Bonaparte, who committed much bloodshed, but held possession 40 days only. It is 35 m sw Acre: Lg. 34.55 E, Lt. 32.2 N.

JAFFERABAD, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Gujerat, near the mouth of a river, noted for large oysters, 38 m ENE Diu.

JAFFIERABAD, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Berar, near the Kistna, 50 m NE Aurungabad.

JAFFNAPATAM, a seaport of Asia, in the island of Ceylon, with a small fort, exceedingly well built, at the Nw end of the island, 186 m N Colombo. It exports excellent tobacco and some elephants. The chank

fishery on the coast, and near the neighbouring islets, is also a source of great wealth. It was taken by the Dutch from the Portuguese in 1658, and surrendered to the British in 1795: Lg. 70.50 E, Lt. 9.35 N.

JAGARNAUT, or JUGGERNAUTH, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Orissa, on the bay of Bengal, 48 m s by w Cuttack. Here is a famous pagoda, the first object of Hindoo veneration, and is attended by about 500 priests. The idol is an irregular pyramidal black stone, about 490 pounds weight, with 2 rich diamonds near the top, to represent the eyes, and the nose and mouth painted with vermillion. The number of pilgrims that visit this temple is not less than 1,200,000 annually, of whom a very great number never return; and to 50 m distance the way is strewed with human bones: Lg. 85.54 E, Lt. 19.49 N.

JAGEPORE, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Orissa, on the Biturnee, 35 m NE Cuttack. Much cloth is made here; and the remains of several Mohamedan edifices are still visible.

JAGENDORF, a town and castle of Austria, Moravia, capital of a province, 13 m Nw Troppau.

JAGERSBURG, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, 13 m ssw Darmstadt.

JAGHERCH, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Ajmeer, 25 m N Nagare, and 66 NNW Ajmeer.

JAICZA, a town of Europe, Turkey, in Bosnia, with a citadel, 50 m NE Serai. JAKUTSKOI; see YAKUTSK.

JALALABAD, a town of Asia, Afghanistan, in Cabul, near the Kameh, 73 m ESE Cabul.

JALAPA; see XALAPA.

JALAWAN, a province of Asia, in the E part of Ballogistan, having Sarawan on the N, and Lus on the s. It is 220 m long by 120; mountainous, but intermixed with fertile plains and valleys, Khozdar is the capital.

JALLINDER, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Lahore, capital of a rich district, between the Setlege and Beyah. It is of great extent, but now in ruins; and the modern houses are constructed from the materials of the ruinous houses formerly occupied by the Afghans. It is 94 m ESE Lahore: Lg. 75.40 E, Lt. 31.18 N.

JALNA, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Aurungabad, capital of a district, with a fort, on both sides of a small river, 40 m ENE Aurungabad: Lg. 76.30 E, Lt. 20.24 N.

JALNITZA, a town of Europe, Turkey, in Walachia, on the Jalnitza, 95 m sw Ismael.

JALOFFS, or OUALOFFS, a nation of Africa, between the lower part of the Gambia and of the Senegal. They are the handsomest negroes in these parts, of a fine, pure, and bright black, with graceful, regular features. They are Mahomedans.

JALOOAN, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Agra, with a considerable trade in cotton, which is principally sent into Bengal. It is situated on a rising ground, 30 m w Kal

pee.

JALORE, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Ajmeer, 36 m ssw Chitore. Another, with a hill fortress, 55 m ssw Joudpoor.

JAMAICA, an island of North America, West Indies, discovered by Columbus in 1494, and occupied by Spain in 1559. It was attacked by the British, and ceded to them in 1656. It lies 30 leagues w St. Do mingo, nearly the same distance s Cuba, and is of an oval figure, 170 m long by 60. It is divided into 3 counties, Middlesex, Surry, and Cornwall, and contains upwards of 4,080,000 acres. A ridge of hills runs lengthwise from E to w, whence numerous rivers take their rise on both sides; and though none of them are navigable, even for barges, yet the sugars are carried upon many of them in canoes from the inland plantations to the seaside; some of them run underground for a considerable space, particularly the Cobre and Pedra. The mountains and a great part of the island are covered with many kinds of trees; such as lignum vitæ, cedar, mahogany, &c., always green. In the valleys are sugar-canes, and a great variety of fruit-trees. But to balance this, there are alligators in the rivers; guianoes and galliwasps in the fens and marshes; and snakes and noxious animals in the mountains. The year is distinguished into two seasons, the wet and dry; but the rains are not so frequent as formerly, which is supposed to be owing to the cutting down of the woods. About nine in the morning it is intolerably hot, but the easterly breeze soon after arises to cool the air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and there are great

dews, which are deemed unwholesome, especially to new comers.

The months of July, August, and September, are called the hurricane months, because then they are the most frequent; and there is lightning almost every night. Not above a third part of this island is inhabited, for the plantations are along the coasts. Here and there are savannas, or large plains, where the original natives used to plant their corn, and which the Spaniards made use of for breeding their cattle. The best houses are generally built low, on account of the hurricanes and earthquakes; and the negroes'huts, made of reeds, will hold only two or three persons. The common bread, or that which serves for it, is plantains, yams, and cassava-roots; but, in 1793, a great number of the bread-fruit trees were brought here from Otaheite, and introduced into the different plantations. Hogs and sheep are plentiful; but the servants generally feed upon Irish salt-beef, and the negroes have herrings and salt-fish. The general produce of this island is sugar, rum, molasses, ginger, cotton, indigo, pimento, cocoa, coffee, several kinds of woods, and medicinal drugs. It has some tobacco, but not good, and used only by the negroes, who can scarcely live without it; also maize, Guinea corn, and peas of various kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits are in great plenty, such as oranges, lemons, shaddocks, citrons, pomegranates, pine-apples, prickly-pears, melons, pompions, guavas, and many other sorts.

This island is now the most valuable of the British West-India colonies. The government of Jamaica is one of the richest appointment, next to that of Ireland, in the disposal of the crown; the standing salary is 2500%, and the assembly commonly vote as much more to the governor, which, with other perquisites, make it little less than 10,000l. a-year. In 1795 the Maroons, or original natives, who inhabited the mountains, rose against the English; they were not quelled for nine months, and by cruel means. St. Jago-de-la-Vega is the seat of government, but Kingston is the mart of trade; P. about 360,000.

JAMAICA, a county-town of North America, United States, state New-York, Queen's county, Long-island, 12 m E by s New-York; P. 2376 in 1830.

JAMAMA, a town of Asia, Arabia, capital of district, lying w of the province of Bahrin, 140 m sw Lachsa: Lg. 46.8 E, Lt. 25.5 N.

JAMBI, the capital of a small kingdom of Asia, on the E coast of the island-of-Sumatra. The town is large, and situated inland, on a river navigable for boats, 160 m N by E Bencoolen. The Dutch have a fort here, and export pepper hence, with the best sort of canes: Lg. 102.45 E, Lt. 1.22 s. JAMBO, or JENBOA, a town of Asia, Ara

bia-Deserta, in a barren plain, surrounded by a wall, with towers, a good harbour on the Red-sea; a large tower mounted with artillery faces the country: Lg. 37.32 E Lt. 24.7 N.

Lahore, capital of a hilly and woody disJAMBOE, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in

trict. It is a great mart for Cashmere shawls and other articles; situated on the side of a hill, by the Ravery, 97 m x Amritsir: Lg. 74.38 E, Lt. 32.56 N.

JAMES-BAY; see HUDSON-BAY.

JAMES-CITY, a county of North America, United States, E district, Williamsburgh county-town; P. 3838 in 1830.

JAMESTOWN, a town of North America, United States, state Virginia, in a peninsula, on the N side of the James, 8 m ssw Wil. liams-burg.

JAMESTOWN, a borough of Ireland, county Leitrim, on the Shannon, 5 m s by E Carrick, and 84 wNw Dublin.

JAMTLANDS, or OSTERSUNDS, a large province of Sweden, bounded on the NE by Swedish-Lapland, E by Wester-Norland and Gefleborgs, s by Stora-Kopparbergs, and w by Norway; area 12,844 geographithe capital; contains many lakes and rivers, cal square miles; P. 38,940. Ostersund is most of which have their sources amongst the mountains on the frontiers of Norway, whence they flow in a SE direction to the sea-of-Bothnia.

JANAGUR, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Gujerat, in a low fenny district, on the right bank of the Banass, 44 m sw Rahdunpoor.

JANEIRA; see RIO-DE-JANEIRO.

JANINA, OF JOANNINA, a city of Europe, Turkey, capital of Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see, 85 m w by N Larissa. It stands in a hilly country, on the sw side of the lake Acherusia, which is 6 m long by 2 where broadest; the depth is very inconsiderable, but it abounds in fish. On a peninsula that projects into the lake, is the old seraglio of the pacha, a large mosque, and the fortress, which are isolated from the town by a lofty wall and a broad moat. Opposite the peninsula, on the other shore of the lake, is a small island embellished with a palace of the vizier; and in the northern suburb he has a grand pavilion. The bazaars consist of about 12 narrow streets, intersecting each other at irregular angles, in the centre of the city, and is the only part of it where much continuity is preserved. Many rich Greek merchants, whose commerce extends over the whole empire, and to the ports of the Adriatic. The chief articles of export are silk and spun cotton, from the adjoining province of Thessaly. It was long the residence of the