Now, at last, "alone in Paris, and without any family or social duties to perform, she gave full scope to her charitable zeal." At all hours, and in all weathers, this daughter of the Princess Lapoukhyn, once so distinguished for the elegance of her dress and the elaborateness of her toilet, went out on foot, and often returned shivering and wet to the skin, to a room where to save the expense of fuel she would not allow a fire to be kept up during her absence. Her food also was very differ ent from the living to which she had been accustomed. What wonder is it that her health suffered! "One morning at Mass in the convent Chapel, a lady happened to hear her cough, and noticing her pale looks and poor apparel, she went to one of the Sisters, and told her that there was a lady in the Church who was probably too poor to provide herself with necessaries, and that she should be very happy to supply her with milk daily, if she had not the means of purchasing it. This kind soul was quite ashamed when the Sister told her that the poor lady was Madame Albert de la Ferronnays; but Alexandrine, much amused, laughed exceedingly at the mistake, and did not treat herself better than before."

On the sixth of January, 1848, in spite of the cold, and though very unwell, she persisted in going to the Chapel of the Convent to hear Mass, and receive Communion. On returning to her room, she was obliged to lie down immediately; and it soon became evident that the end was fast approaching. She lingered for two days, and these last hours all afford fresh illustration of the sincerity and beauty of her Christian character, her love for her friends, and her thoughtfulness of all around her. But we will not attempt to relate the interesting particulars. She was continually inquiring "how long she would last;" and when she was told "perhaps a few days," she replied with regret: "Then I shall not see God to-day." She asked, as her last request, that "she might be buried like the poor;" and then on the morning of Feb. 9th, 1848, with one last loving message to the sister of Albert-" Let Pauline know how very sweet it is to die"-she passed away.

ARTICLE VI.-NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS.

PHILOSOPHICAL.

JOWETT'S DIALOGUES OF PLATO.*"It might very well be thought serious trifling to tell my readers, that the greatest men had ever a high esteem for Plato; whose writings are the touchstone of a hasty and shallow mind; whose philosophy has been the admiration of ages; which supplied patriots, magistrates, and lawgivers to the most flourishing States, as well as fathers to the church, and doctors to the schools." Thus writes in his "Siris" the excellent Bp. Berkeley, who was so fond of Plato as to be represented as leaning upon a volume of his works, in the portrait by Smibert, and who has produced in his Minute Philosopher the most successful imitation of the Platonic dialogue which English literature can show. We can easily believe that it was almost with a sigh that he added: "Albeit in these days the depths of that old learning are rarely fathomed, and yet it were happy for these lands if our young nobility and gentry, instead of modern maxims, would imbibe the notions of antiquity." It would seem that Berkeley was in his earlier manhood almost the only loving and appreciative student of Plato in all England, and when he left the country he brought with him his Platonic tastes and continued his Platonic studies upon the shores of the Narragansett. We can readily believe that he reflected with no little sadness upon the increased degeneracy of the times which showed little promise of a return to more elevating studies. Could Berkeley have looked forward to the better times which were to follow, he would have found comfort in the prospect that the century after his death would find Germany and France and England moved with enthusiastic interest for his favorite philosopher, and excellent translations of all his works composed by writers so eminent as Schleiermacher, Cousin, and Jowett. Indeed, it is no slight credit to the scholarship and culture of England that within a single decade.

* The Dialogues of Plato. Translated into English, with Analyses and Introductions. By B. JOWETT, M.A., Master of Balliol College, Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford. In four volumes. New York: Charles Scribner & Co.

1871. XXXI.

12

Grote's Analysis and Jowett's Translation of the Platonic Dialogues should both have appeared.

To the scholar and the general reader this translation of Jowett is an especially valuable gift. Whatever exception may be taken to his minute accuracy or his critical sagacity in respect to particular points, no one will deny that his scholarship is sufficient to qualify him for his undertaking. His knowledge of the original Greek and his study of all the helps both earlier and later are both unquestioned. Besides these indispensable requisites to success, he possesses others which have rarely been found in any translator, and which are of especial value to the translator of Plato. These are the rare clearness, fluency, and energy of his English style, his penetrating common sense and the complete mastery of the aims and spirit of the writer whom he interprets. There can, we think, be no question, that Plato has never been rendered so well by any translator of a single dialogue. When we consider the spirit and success with which the whole work has been executed, we cannot but express our admiration for the genius which the author has exhibited.

The Introductions are all carefully elaborated. We observe in all of them a careful analysis of the train of thought in the several dialogues, full comparative references to other dialogues, frequent incidental expositions of the doctrines taught by Plato considered by themselves and in their relations to the teachings of other philosophers both ancient and modern, and often a brief but spirited exposition of the conclusions which Professor Jowett himself has reached in the light of the most recent researches and discussions. We dare not say that Professor Jowett has always gone to the bottom, or that his opinions are to be accepted without revision; but we can affirm that he has brought to the examination of every subject an earnest sympathy with the author, a willingness to look at every question from his stand-point, and to let him think and speak for himself. In this respect Jowett's handling and method are far superior to those of the very learned Mr. Grote, who, in his Analysis of Plato's Dialogues, persistently looks at and judges of his opinions from the general point of view attained by modern speculation, and from the special conclusions adopted by Mr. Grote himself-conclusions which in their general characteristics are most widely removed from those of the Platonic school. We would not depreciate unduly the value of Mr. Grote's elaborate work. We do not regard it as in any sense superseded by

the Translation and Introductions of Jowett. To the philosopher especially, the severe and often chilling criticisms of the sensuous associationalist are always instructive, even though they are rarely convincing, and for this reason he will never be able to dispense with his analyses. But by the general student the work of Jowett will invariably be preferred.

We observe that many critics of this work have taken occasion to remark that it was a happy thing for modern students that they possess version of Plato which will deliver them from the necessity of reading him in the original. We would draw the opposite inference, and would rather conclude that the liberal use of this translation will awaken the desire in not a few of our scholars to read Plato freely and familiarly in his own language. It might reasonably be inferred that a writer who is capable of being translated into such flowing and spirited English, must be incomparable when read in the facile and subtle Greek. No single Greek author is capable of being mastered more readily by a persevering course of continuous and current reading. None is so well worth the mastering for the intense and various pleasure which he imparts. The Greek of Plato ought not to be deemed more insurmountable than the German of Goethe or of Lessing. We cannot but hope that the not few students who may be allured to read Plato by the spirited and felicitous translations of Jowett, will not be content till they have acquired the power to read Plato in Plato's own tongue.

PORTER'S ELEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE.*-The main principles and illustrations of President Porter's larger work are compressed into this volume of 556 pages, which is provided with a full index. In this abridged form, the work is better adapted for the uses of the class-room in academies and in most colleges. It will serve also as an introduction, preparing the way for the more copious and detailed discussions of "the Human Intellect." This manual deserves to be generally adopted, and probably will be generally adopted, as a text book in the branch of Intellectual Philosophy. The important discussions bearing closely on theology, in the larger book, are wisely retained in the abridgment.

* The Elements of Intellectual Science. A manual for Schools and Colleges. Abridged from the "Human Intellect." By NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale College. New York: Charles Scribner & Co. 1871.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS.

AUGUSTINE'S CITY OF GOD.*-Messrs. Clark of Edinburgh, having finished the publication of the Ante-Nicene writers, have undertaken to publish translations of some of the principal writings of Augustine, the greatest name in the history of Latin Christianity, the father of Scholasticism and of the Reformation too, and not less influential in founding the hierarchical system of the Latin Church. The series begins appropriately with the City of God-the Civitas Dei. It ranks with Origen's work against Celsus, at the head of the apologetic literature of the ancient Church. It is the first deliberate attempt among Christian writers to set forth the philosophy of history. It was composed on account of the accusations of the heathen, that the calamities of the Roman Empire had arisen from the wrath of the Divinities, at the desertion of their worship and at the reception of Christianity. But it goes beyond its immediate object, and involves a discussion of the fundamental principles of the Christian religion. It is the one work of this Father, equally fervid and philosophical, which is of interest to minds not caring specially for theology. Its eloquent pages have attracted the admiration of the general scholar, not less than of the divine. The translation seems to be well executed, and forms a worthy introduction to the series. The recent translations of Latin and Greek authors, if they fall behind the old versions in racy, idiomatic phraseology, have the cardinal merit of being founded on a better philology.

DORNER'S HISTORY OF PROTESTANT THEOLOGY.-This is a poor translation of a good book. Dorner is best known through his great monograph on the history of the doctrine of the person of Christ. But this work on Protestant theology is the product of thorough studies and is quite valuable. As the title indicates, it deals principally with theology in Germany, although Holland, England, and other countries are not left unnoticed. In the first volume the gradual development of Translated by the Rev. MARCUS DODS, M.A. Edinburgh: New York: Chas. Scribner & Co.

*The City of God. T. & T. Clark. 2 vols. + History of Protestant Theology, particularly in Germany, viewed according to its fundamental movement, and in connection with the religious, moral, and intellectual life. By Dr. J. A. DORNER, Ober-consistorialrath, &c., &c. Translated by the Rev. George Dobson and Sophia Taylor, with a preface to the translation by the Author. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. New York: C. Scribner & Co. 1871. 2 vols.