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Delivered at the Surry Institution, London, in November and December, 1822. pious Notes. By James Jennings. 8vo. 6s. Epitome of Chronology, from the earliest Period to the present Time. Dedicated to the Marchioness of Ely. By E. Maydwell. 5s. 6d. The Work-Table, or Evening Conversations. By Miss E. A. Soutter. 2 vols 12mo. 7s. LITERARY INTELLIGENCE, The Rev. T. Pruen has in the Press, A Scriptural, Analogical, and Popular View of the Church of the Living God; its Ministry and Service, under both the Jewish and Christian Dispensation. Mr. Frederick Clissold, who made the next ascent of Mount Blanc after the fatal accident that befel the guides of Dr. Hamel in 1820, by the falling of an avalanche, is about to publish an Account of his Journey, for the benefit of the guides of Chamouni. A Latin Grammar, by C. G. Gumpt, Professor in the Frederick's Gymnasium, Berlin, translated from the German; with Additions; by the Rev. John Kenrick, M.A. is in the press. Mr. Thomas Roscoe has in the Press, an English Version of Sismondi's History of the Literature of the South of Europe, with Notes, &c. Mr. Hornor is about to publish an Illustrated Prospectus of his Panoramic View of London from the summit of St. Paul's, containing various Engravings shewing the superior advantages of the Cathedral, as a central Point of View; in+ cluding a Geometrical Section (50 inches by 30) of that Edifice, with the North and South sides of the Church-Yard. A Series of Letters on the Manners, Amusements, and Literature of England, will shortly be published, from the Original Manuscripts of Count Victoire de Soligny. Mr. Barry Cornwall's new Volume of Poems will speedily appear. Mrs. Sheriffe is preparing for publication, Practical Christianity illustrated by Biblical Examples; also by Reflec-: tions upon some of the Principal Parts of the Holy Scriptures. In two octavo Volumes. A new Poem, entitled A Sabbath among the Mountains, is nearly ready for publication. Shortly will be published, Collections and Recollections; or, Historical, Biographical, and Miscellaneous Anecdotes, &c. from various Sources; with occasional Remarks; by John Stewart, Esq. The Elements of Anglo-Saxon Grammar, with copious Notes; by the Rev. J. Bosworth, M.A. will appear in a few days. Memoirs of the late William Harley, Esq., written by himself, are preparing for publication. ART. I. Palæoromaica, or Historical and Philological Disquisitions, &c. (Continued from our last.) THE author commences his second Disquisition, which treats of the Apostolical Autographs, by assuming that he has already proved it to be more probable, reasoning beforehand, that the Books of the New Testament would be composed in Syriac than in Latin, and in Latin than in Greek. Now, although he has certainly made it appear probable, that a knowledge of the Greek tongue was not universal in the Roman provinces, amongst the lower orders, he certainly has not proved that the Latin was more so. Amongst the Greek cities of Asia Minor, it is not to be disputed that Greek was the spoken language. Amongst the Semi-Greek states, or Bapbxgópavo, it is clear that Greek was better understood than Latin, the knowledge of which was confined to Italy and Sicily, Gaul and Spain. Whether it be more natural that the writings of the Apostles and inspired historians should have been composed in Syriac (i. e. in the Syrochaldee) than in Greek, is a question which remains to be considered. We agree entirely with Michaelis and our author, that it is a question of fact, and that the arguments which some divines have drawn from the supposed intrinsic qualities of this language or that, are unworthy of attention. The Author remarks, that the Apostles probably did not write their works with their own hands. That St. Paul did not always do so, we know very well; that he sometimes did, we learn from Gal. vi. 11. " Ye see how large a letter I have written unto you with mine own hand." Where Chrysostom remarks, that the Apostle mentions this, as a mark of the genuineness of the Epistle. "For in other instances he VOL, XIX. FEBRUARY, 1823. dictated, and another wrote." We think, however, that this expression is no mark of genuineness: but that it was only intended to shew the anxiety of the Apostle for the welfare of his Galatian converts. It is supposed by many that St. Paul wrote with his own hand the second Epistle to the Corinthians, although the epigraphe states it to have been written by Titus and Lucas. And that the Apostle wrote to Philemon with his own hand, he himself distinctly says in v. 19. The epigraphe says it was written by Onesimus, προς Φιλήμονα ἐγράφη ἀπὸ Ῥώμης διὰ 'Omoius oinέts. But may not this mean that it was written, and sent from Rome by the bands of Onesimus? The same question may be asked concerning the second to the Corinthians, and some others of the Epistles. The cause which perhaps made St. Paul employ an amanuensis, viz. the multiplicity of his employments and cares, may not have existed in an equal degree, in the case of the other sacred writers. We see no reason why St. Peter and St. John should not be understood literally, when they speak of having written such and such things (2 Pet. iii. 1. 1 John ii. 12, 13, &c.) We do not insist upon the expression at the conclusion of St. John's Gospel, "This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things,' because it is subjoined," and we know that his testimony is true.' Our author remarks that the original documents, being written on papyrus, a frail and perishable material, would soon fall into fragments. But is it quite certain that they were all written on papyrus? St. Paul directs Timothy to bring with him "the books, but especially the parchments." The earnestness of this injunction renders it highly improbable that he should have wanted the parchments (μeμlgavas) merely for the purpose of covering books. Theodoret, and amongst the moderns Suicer, Wolf, and others, think that they contained some memoranda of the Apostle's; answering perhaps to the pugillares membranei of the Latins. The Jewish Scriptures were written on parchment. The "roll of a book," mentioned in Revelations, vi. 14. ( ovgavòs ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βίβλιον εἱλισσόμενον) was a parchment roll; and it is worthy of remark, that the μsugava of St. Paul are called in the Syriac version "the bundle of rolls or volumes." At one time, in the reign of Tiberius, there was a great scarcity of paper at Rome; and probably in Nero's time it was not so much cheaper than parchment, as to make it worth the Apostle's while to write his epistles to distant churches upon the more perishable material. Parchment was in common use at Rome in the age of Augustus: Horat. 2. S. 111. 2. "Sic raro scribis, ut toto non quater anno Membranam poscas." After all, it is probable that the Apostolical autographs might not continue legible many years: but who will believe our author, when he says, that in those days "no transcript would be taken, while the original could be had and was legible?" Is it credible, for instance, that the Colossians would transmit to the Laodiceans the Epistle addressed to themselves, without retaining a copy of it? With regard to the Gospels, there is less room to doubt the early multiplication of copies *. Eusebius speaks of the three first Gospels as having been dispersed far and wide before St. John wrote his, τῶν προαναγραφέντων τριῶν εἰς πάντας ἤδη καὶ εἰς αὐτὸν (Ἰωάννην) diadedouévav. (iii. 24.) and with regard to the testimony of Eusebius to such points as these, it is worthy of remark, that he professes to have examined "a succession" of ecclesiastical writers upwards from his own time; for speaking of certain heretical forgeries, he says, "that not one of them is mentioned by any one of the ecclesiastical writers, Tav xarà diadoxas, i. e. of those who instructed the Church in succession from the time of the Apostles. Is it credible, that, if he had found in any one of those writers the least hint of St. Paul's having written in Latin, he would have suppressed it? and, if he did not find any hint of it, is it credible that such could have been the fact? To return to the question immediately before us, the early disappearance of the autographs of the Apostles is in itself one proof of the early multiplication of copies, as Michaelis has justly observed. Transcripts were "absolutely necessary." "The Epistle," says Michaelis, "which they had received from St. Paul, was not the property of any one society in particular, but belonged to the community at large: and that which was We cannot help noticing a most improbable conjecture of our Author's (p, 61,) that in the distribution of the four animals to the four Evangelists, in certain old representations of them, the ox was appropriated to St. Luke, not for the reason usually given, but from the Latin phrase Lucas Bos, i. e. because Lucas Bos is the old Latin phrase for an elephant, therefore the figure of an ox (Bos) was the usual accompaniment of that of St. Luke (Lucas)! How does the author account for the eagle and the lion? Unfortunately for his conjecture, the animal in question is not an ox but a calf, μóσxos (Rev. iv. 10.) i. e. vitulus, as it is termed by Jerome and others. Our author probably had in view the distich composed by some later writer Est homo Matthæi, Marci leo, bos nota Lucæ, |
