duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere. 2 Nam neque validiores opibus ullae inter se civitates gentesque contulerunt arma neque his ipsis tantum umquam virium aut roboris fuit, et haud ignotas belli artes inter sese sed expertas primo Punico conserebant bello, et adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit 3 ut propius periculum fuerint qui vicerunt. Odiis etiam ond from other Punic wars. duce: foreign officers are variously entitled by the Romans, even by words which have a technical meaning in Latin, as imperator, 3. I, and praetor, 3. 4; cf. the English use of captain' and 'general.' 2. nam neque, etc.: notice how the artist gives four co-ordinate grounds for his maxime omnium, etc., without monotonous formalism, but yet with clearness and precision. The first two are co-ordi ... nated by neque .. neque; the second two are introduced by et... et. Thus the power and resources of the nations, the fact that they were each at the height of their powers, the fact that they were acquainted each with the other's tactics, and that the fortune of war was long in the balance, are all brought out, without monotonous parallelism, as reasons why the war was a notable one. To these main reasons are added two supplementary causes with etiam, the general hatred of the two nations, and the particular animosity of the leader himself. opibus: the first point, including all the resources of war, essentially the same as is later referred to by virium aut roboris. his ipsis, etc.: the second point, indicating that these nations were at the height of their power. virium properly, active strength, but here quantitative as to numbers, etc. roboris: passive strength, qualitative as to the stuff the soldiers and the controlling powers were made of, almost moral in its allusion; cf. the English 'hearts of oak.'ignotas, etc.: the third point; it was not like one civilization meeting an inferior one, but the combatants were equally matched. They knew each other's tactics, and were prepared to meet them.—inter sese: the regular reciprocal form of expression in Latin. Better taken with ignotas, though it often happens that such an adverbial expression confusedly refers to more than one part of the sentence, as here both ignotas and conserebant naturally take a reciprocal. - primo Punico bello: a kind of date, hence not merely priore bello, but precisely as the English words are used in the note on imperitatum, 3.-conserebant: the expression is extended from the regular manum, pugnam, etc., conserere. The imperfect looks to the continuing of the contest; the perfects contain mere narrative statements. Conseruerunt would have seemed to limit the statement to the beginning of the war. varia... Mars: the same thing, the vicissitude of the war, described under two aspects; cf. I. 33. 4 Marte incerto varia victoria. — fuerint: this breach of the sequence of tenses is almost regular in consecutive clauses where the result is a historical fact. 3. odiis: a fifth point, cumulative to the others, hence etiam: i.e. as well as armaments and resources, prope maioribus certarunt quam viribus, Romanis indignantibus quod victoribus victi ultro inferrent arma, Poenis, quod superbe avareque crederent imperitatum victis esse. Fama est etiam Hannibalem, annorum 4 ferme novem, pueriliter blandientem patri Hamilcari ut duceretur in Hispaniam, cum perfecto Africo bello exercitum eo traiecturus sacrificaret, altaribus admotum tactis sacris iure iurando adactum, se cum primum posset hostem fore populo Romano. Angebant ingentis 5 him with him,' and so implies already the main idea of traiecturus. By such simple devices, as often, the whole has a vivid pictorial effect; the boy sees the sacrifice and learns what it is for, and says, 'Oh! take me with you,' whereupon the father grants the request upon the boy's taking then and there the oath. Such pictures are characteristic of our author. · Africo bello: the war which Carthage had with her unpaid mercenaries and her disaffected subjects; see Introd. 5. exercitum, etc.: the sacrifice was, as usual, offered at the beginning of the expedition.-tactis sacris: usually the swearer took hold of the altar, but here apparently he lays his hand on the victim. Probably Livy had no definite idea, but changes to sacris because he had for graphic effect already said altaribus admotum. cum primum, etc.: i.e. when he came of age. - hostem, etc.: here Livy seems by the emphasis on hostem to represent Polybius' (III. 11. 7) μηδέποτε Ρωμαίοις εὐνοήσειν, which agrees with XXXV. 19. 3 numquam amicum fore populi Romani, and with Nepos (Hann. 2) nunquam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore, and the account given by Appian (Ιβ. 9) ἐχθρὸς ἔσεσθαι Ρωμαίοις ὅτε ἐς πολιτείαν παρέλθοι. The word hostem implies actual warfare. 5. angebant, etc.: explaining spiritus virum Sicilia Sardiniaque amissae: nam et Siciliam nimis celeri desperatione rerum concessam et Sardiniam inter motum Africae fraude Romanorum sti2 pendio etiam insuper imposito interceptam. His anxius curis ita se Africo bello, quod fuit sub recentem Romanam pacem, per quinque annos, ita deinde novem annis 2 in Hispania augendo Punico imperio gessit ut appareret maius eum quam quod gereret agitare in animo bellum et, si diutius vixisset, Hamilcare duce Poenos arma Italiae inlaturos fuisse, qui Hannibalis ductu intulerunt. Mors Hamilcaris peropportuna et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum. Medius Hasdrubal inter patrem ac filium octo ferme annos imperium obtinuit, flore aetatis, 4 uti ferunt, primo Hamilcari conciliatus, gener inde ob 3 Hamilcar's animosity. Sicilia... amissae, the loss of, etc.: this construction of a noun and participle, where the participle gives the main idea, instead of an abstract noun, becomes more and more frequent in the Augustan age. nam: introducing the thought, in indirect discourse, which produced the feeling expressed in angebant. Such free uses of the indirect discourse are especially common in Livy. — nimis celeri, etc.: because the Carthaginian defeat was not so decisive as to compel the loss of their possessions in Sicily. — Sardiniam, etc.: the Romans, taking advantage (fraude) of the paralysis of the enemy through the war with the mercenaries, forced the Carthaginians by threats of war to abandon Sardinia and add a further amount to the sum agreed to in the original treaty at the end of the First Punic War. HAMILCAR AND HASDRUBAL IN SPAIN. 2. his anxius curis: the emphasis serves merely to connect the following with angebant, etc., as if it were, and so, being in this anxious state of mind,' etc. - Africo bello: see I. 4 n.- fuit sub recentem, immediately followed. pacem: the one which concluded the First Punic War.- quinque : in round numbers. The Mercenary War lasted about four years (241237 B.C.), or, according to Polybius (I. 88), three years and four months. Livy is seldom careful about numbers.- per quinque annos, novem annis: Livy delights in varieties of syntax. 2. maius: i.e. a war with Rome. Hamilcare: not eo, to make a more vivid contrast with Hannibalis. 3. peropportuna: the position makes this almost a predicate adjective: happening very opportunely, as it did.'- distulerunt: a word aliam indolem profecto animi adscitus et, quia gener erat, factionis Barcinae opibus, quae apud milites plebemque plus quam modicae erant, haud sane voluntate principum in imperio positus. Is plura consilio quam 5 vi gerens hospitiis magis regulorum conciliandisque per amicitiam principum novis gentibus quam bello aut armis rem Carthaginiensem auxit. Ceterum nihilo ei 6 pax tutior fuit: barbarus eum quidam palam ob iram interfecti ab eo domini obtruncavit, comprensusque ab circumstantibus haud alio quam si evasisset vultu, tormentis quoque cum laceraretur, eo fuit habitu oris ut superante laetitia dolores ridentis etiam speciem prae used properly of persons, and so almost personifying mors and pueritia as instruments of fate. medius: referring merely to time. -flore aetatis, youth and beauty. -uti ferunt: implying as usual a doubt of the truth. 4. aliam opposed to flore, etc. profecto, unquestionably, opposed to uti ferunt. animi: though grammatically dependent on indolem, yet added as a kind of predicate where we should put in to wit or that is.-factionis Barcinae: the patriotic or war party, so named for Hamilcar, surnamed 'Barca' (lightning); cf. the frequent application of 'fulmen' to the Scipio family. Hanno led the opposing or peace party, with which the capitalists and the aristocracy were in sympathy. — plebemque: Livy is thinking of the Roman parties. haud sane, not, you may be sure; a litotes, like our not much, not very, and the like. 5. hospitiis: this relation, though properly a personal one between citizens of different states, established to supply the want of consuls and resident agents, was, however, extended to potentates in a semi-official capacity, and even to whole states, so that it covered all sorts of alliances on equal or unequal terms. The relation was more formal and less personal than that indicated by amicitiam principum; hence we have hospitiis alone, but conciliandis, etc., in full. regulorum : chieftains of petty tribes. - principum: important men in tribes not ruled by a chief. — bello aut armis : a double expression merely to match the two branches, hospitiis, etc. war. 6. tutior: i.e. he did not escape being killed, in spite of his avoiding - barbarus: emphasized as continuing the same idea as the preceding sentence: 'a native Celt, not a regular soldier in battle.'. palam: notice Livy's high coloring; Polybius (II. 36) says in the night. interfecti: cf. amissae, I. 5 n. comprensus, etc.: though two items are in Latin fashion crowded into one predication, yet by the order of the words the same sequence of ideas is secured as in our own more broken style. vultu : i.e. he showed no alarm when captured. — quoque: picking out tormentis, etc., as a climax on comprensus, just as eo fuit, etc., with ridentis etiam, is a climax on haud alio, etc. Livy is nothing if not 7 buerit. Cum hoc Hasdrubale, quia mirae artis in sollicitandis gentibus imperioque suo iungendis fuerat, foedus renovaverat populus Romanus, ut finis utriusque imperii esset amnis Hiberus Saguntinisque mediis inter imperia duorum populorum libertas servaretur. 3 In Hasdrubalis locum haud dubia res fuit quin praerogativam militarem, qua extemplo iuvenis Hannibal in praetorium delatus imperatorque ingenti omnium forcible. ridentis: see pugnantium, 29. 2 n. This passage is a very good example of the manner in which Livy adds stroke after stroke for graphic effect. The whole has to be read first straight on and parsed afterwards, otherwise it becomes a mere jumble of words. 7. cum hoc: resuming the story after the digression. quia: introducing the reason why the Romans thought it necessary to make terms, inasmuch (which is passed over) as they could not at the moment fight him.- fuerat: in reference to the time of the treaty, giving an effect like they had found that he was,' etc. foedus: the original treaty of B.C. 241 was renewed with the provision not in it originally, ut finis, etc. - renovaverat: in reference to the time of the Second Punic War, which is Livy's main point. The treaty with Hasdrubal was in 225 B.C.- Saguntinis: Saguntum, a very flourishing city, founded by Greeks long before the rise of the Roman power, lay very near the coast of Spain, a hundred miles or so southwesterly from the mouth of the Ebro. Its autonomy was secured by this treaty, although it lay in the territory left open to the Carthaginians, so that its neutrality was guaranteed as a kind of buffer between the two great powers, as is often done in modern times. Its territory may possibly have reached to the Ebro. - mediis: used loosely; not that necessarily it lay geographically between the two. HANNIBAL MADE COMMANDER-IN CHIEF: HIS CHARACTER. 3. in Hasdrubalis locum: again a good example of the order of words. We should naturally say, in place of Hasdrubal (now dead and so making a successor necessary),' but Livy says, 'in place of Hasdrubal (the next commander was Hannibal),' taking the succession for granted and simply opposing the new commander to the old. The Latin has a fondness for emphasizing persons. -haud dubia, etc. describing the situation before the actual choice politically of the new commander. The best MSS. read praerogativa militaris . . . sequebatur; either Livy allowed himself here a strange anacoluthon, or, as is more probable, the text was early corrupted.—praerogativam : originally used with tribus or centuria for the first (prae) body selected by lot to vote (rogo) at an election. Its choice was regarded as an omen and had much influence on the election. Hence the word comes to mean choice, viewed as a precedent, as is the case here. — in praetorium, etc.: the custom is not mentioned elsewhere, but it may be correctly reported or may have been drawn by Livy from some other nation, or even entirely fabricated. iuvenis: the emphasis accents |