High-German, jeglich; Anglo-Saxon, alc; English, each; the being dropped as in which and such. Elc, as the original of the English each and the Scotch ilka,* must by no means be confounded with the word ylce, the

same.

6. Every, in Old English, everich, everech, everilk one, is alc, preceded by the particle ever.

7. Either.—Old High-German, éogahuëdar; Middle High-German, iegewëder; Anglo-Saxon, æghväðer, æyðer; Old Frisian, eider.

8. Neither. The same with n- prefixed.

Com

9. Aught.-In Moso-Gothic is found the particle aiv, ever, but only in negative propositions; ni (not) preceding it. Its Old High-German form is éo, io; in Middle High-German, ie; in New High-German, je; in Old Saxon, io; in Anglo-Saxon, á; in Norse, æ. bined with this particle, the word whit (thing) gives the following forms: Old High-German, éowiht; AngloSaxon, áwiht; Old Frisian, dwet; English, aught. The word naught is aught preceded by the negative particle. § 275. Further remarks on the compounds of like.The statements of § 267 have shown that the adjective like, when it enters into composition, is a peculiar word. It has a great tendency to change its form. The pronouns, which and such, more especially show this; inasmuch as, in them, even the characteristic

So it is in Frisian, where hok which, and sok

is lost.

such.

Add it

The change into -ly now commands a notice. to a Substantive, and the result is an Adjective; as man, manly. Add it to an Adjective, and the result is an Adverb; as brave, brave-ly. But what if the Adjective already end in -ly, as daily? Can we say dail-i-ly? For further notice upon this point see the Syntax of Adjectives.

*Different from ilk.

§ 276. Ten and ty.—The words thir-teen, four-teen, &c., are compounds. This is clear. It is equally clear that they are compounds of three (or four) and ten : their arithmetical value being 3+10=13. That words like thir-ty, for-ty, &c., are also compound is not quite so evident, inasmuch as the element -ty has no separate and independent existence. Nevertheless, the words in question are not only compounds, but their elements are three (or four, &c.) and ten-or if not the actual word ten, one of its derivatives. In Moso-Gothic we find the root -tig used as a true substantive, equivalent in form as well as power to the Greek din-as-tráim tigum þusandjom -duobus decadibus myriadum; (Luke xiv. 31.) jêrê prije tigivé— annorum duarum decadum. (Luke iii. 23.) prins tiguns silubrinaize = tres decadas argenteorum. (Matthew xxvii. 3, 9.)

In Icelandic, the numbers from 20 to 100 are formed by means of tigr, declined like viðr, and naturally taking the word which it numerically determines in the genitive

This is the form of the inflection in the best and oldest MSS. A little later was adopted the indeclinable form tigi, which was used adjectivally.*

= one.

Ein

§ 277. Eleven.-The e in e-leven is ein lif, ein-lef, eilef, eilf, elf, Old High-German; andlova, Old Frisian; end-leofan, end-lufan, Anglo-Saxon. This is universally admitted.

The lev- is a modification of the root laib-an

* Det Oldnorske Sprogs Grammatik, af P. A. Munch, og C. B. Unger, Christiania, 1847.

=

one over

=

two

manere to stay to be over. Hence eleven (ten). This is not universally admitted. § 278. Twelve the root two+the root laib over (ten). Tvalif, Moso-Gothic; zuelif, Old High-German; toll, Swedish.-The same doubts that apply to the doctrine that the -lv- in eleven represents the root -laib, apply to the -lv- in twelve. They arise out of the belief, held by many competent judges, in a series of letter-changes which would bring l-f (or l-v) out of d-k-ten; in which case the numerals in question, instead of being peculiar in their composition, would follow the principle which gives us thirteen, fourteen, and the rest; and simply stand for 10+1, and 10+2. The chief fact in favour of this is the Lithuanic form lik, wherein 7 is reasonably believed to represent d.

§ 279. Father + his.-The doctrine now (as it is to be hoped) no longer common that the forms like father's, are a corruption of father his, is only noticed to be condemned. Expressions like Jesus Christ his sake are the chief foundation for it. But

1. Expressions like the Queen's Majesty cannot be so explained.

2. Nor yet expressions like the children's bread.

3. His, cannot be he+his.

4. The s is really the s in patris from pater, and other genitive cases, both in Latin and the allied languages.

CHAPTER IV.

DERIVATION.

-CLASSIFICATION OF DERIVATIVES.

DETAILS.

§ 280. DERIVATION proper may be divided according to a variety of principles. Amongst others

1. According to the evidence.-In the evidence that a word is not simple, but derived, there are at least two degrees. Thus-

(a) That the word strength is a derivative, I infer from the word strong, an independent form, which I can separate from it. Of the nature of the word strength there is the clearest evidence, or evidence of the first degree.

(b) Fowl, hail, nail, sail, tail, soul, &c., are in AngloSaxon, fugel, hægel, nægel, segel, tægel, sawel, and, by the best grammarians, are considered as derivatives. Yet, with these words I cannot do what was done with the word strength. I cannot take from them the part which I look upon as the derivational addition, and after that leave an independent word. Strength-th is a true word; fowl or fugel-l is no true word. If I believe these latter words to be derivations at all, I do it because I find in words like handle, &c., the -l as a derivational addition. Yet, as the fact of a sound being, sometimes, used as a derivational addition does not preclude it from being, at other times, a part of the root, the evidence that the words. in question are not simple, but derived, is not absolutely conclusive. In other words, it is evidence of the second degree.

2. According to the effect.-The syllable -en in the word whiten changes the noun white into a verb. This is its effect. We may so classify our derivatives as to arrange combinations like -en (whose effect is to give the idea of the verb) in one group; whilst combinations like th (whose effect is to give the idea of abstraction) form another order.

3. According to the form.-Sometimes the derivational element is a vowel (as in the -ie in doggie); sometimes a consonant (as the -th in strength); sometimes a syllable (as the -en in whiten); sometimes a change of vowel without any addition (as the i in tip, compared with top);

sometimes a change of consonant without any addition (as the z in prize, compared with price). To classify derivations in this manner is to classify them according to their form.

4. According to the number of the derivational elements.-In fisher, as compared with fish, there is but one derivational affix. In fishery, as compared with fish, the number of derivational elements is two.

§ 281. In the present work none of these principles will be exclusively adhered to. On the contrary, at the expense of a little repetition, a general view of our several derivational forms will be followed by a series of remarks upon our Diminutive, our Patronymic, our Gentile, Abstract, and other, nouns,-some of these groups (groups formed by the effect of the derivational element in making the word to which it belongs what it is) being of particular etymological importance.

§ 282. Details in the way of form.-Addition of a Vowel.-Bab-y from babe. In Lowland Scotch this is far more common, and is spelt -ie, as dogg-ie, lass-ie, ladd-ie, mous-ie, wif-ie.

Addition of L.-1. Substantives.—gird-le, kern-el. 2. Adjectives.- litt-le, mick-le.

3. Verbs.-spark-le.

Addition of R.-Substantives.-(a) Words that in A. S. ended in -er, and were of the masculine genderlaugh-t-er, slaugh-t-er.

(6) Words that in A. S. ended in -er, and were of the neuter gender-lay-er, fodd-er.

(c) Words that in A. S. ended in -ere, and were of the masculine gender. These are the names of agents, e. g. read-er, sinn-er, harp-er, hunt-er, lend-er, &c.

(d) Words that in A. S. ended in -ra, and were of the masculine-gander (A. S. gand-ra).

Verbs-hind-er, low-er.