(3.) Translation. This year, our Lord and King, Karl, having collected an army, marched into Saxony, upon a place called Padersborn, where, having pitched his camp, he sent out his son Karl, across the Weser, in order that such heathens as he found in those parts he might bring into subjection. In the original. In hoc anno domnus (sic) rex Karolus collecto exercitu venit in Saxoniam in loco qui dicitur Patresbrunnas, ibi castrametatus; inde etiam mittens Karolum filium suum trans fluvium Wiseram, ut quotquot isdem partibus de infidelibus suis invenissent, suæ servituti subjugaret. (4.) Hesse, although other than Frank in respect to its dialects, was Frank in its political relations; but not wholly. The valley of the Diemel was half Saxon. There were two pagi; one on the Upper Diemel, which was Frank, and the other on the Lower Diemel, which was Saxon. The former was 66 -Francorum pagus qui dicitur Hassi."-Poeta Saxo. The latter was pagus Hessi Saxonicus. Meanwhile, the town of Wolfsanger was both Frank and Saxon :-" ad villam cujus est vocabulum Vulvisangar quam tunc temporis Franci et Saxones pariter habitare videbantur."— Dipl. Carol. Magn. § 22. So much for Saxony and Friesland taken together. Where were they separated? All that need be said at present is, that, according to a special statement, the town of Meppen was Saxon rather than Frisian. Translation. There is a well-known town in Saxony, named Meppen, in the neighbourhood of which the holy priest, on his journey to Friesland, had arrived. In the original. Oppidum est in Saxoniâ, notum quam plurimus, Meppen nominatum, in cujus viciniâ, dum antistes sanctus Frisiam pergens, devenerat.— Vita Sancti Ludgeri, Pertz, vol. ii. p. 419. Meanwhile, Angraria, or the parts about Engern and Minden, divided Westphalia from Eastphalia. GERMAN CHAPTER IV. ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.-PARTS, ETC.-EXTERNAL EVIDENCE.-WRITERS PRIOR TO THE ANGLE CONQUEST.-TACITUS. THE ANGRIVARII, ETC. -THE ANGLI. § 23. So much for the notices of ancient Germany subsequent to the Conquest of England. What was ancient Germany anterior to that event? What, in the time of the classical writers, was that particular district which the Franks of the Carlovingian age called Saxony? What was it in the eyes of Tacitus and Ptolemy? Let us put these two extremes together; and, perhaps, we may throw a light over the intermediate period. § 24. The Angrivarii.-The author with whom we begin is Tacitus; who gives us the Angrivarii. They are the Angrarii of the Carlovingian writers. They also are the occupants of the parts about Engern in modern geography. Lying in the heart of Saxonia, and being found in both the earliest and the latest geography, they take the first place in our inquiries. The Frisii go along with them. Translation. equally capable of being The Great and Little FriEach touches the Ocean, The Angrivarii and Chamavi are backed immediately by the Dulgubini and Chasuarii, and by other nations not named. The Frisians succeed them in front. sians are named from their relative strengths. and lies along the Rhine. They also encircle immense lakes-lakes which the Roman fleets have yet to explore. In the original. Angrivarios et Chamavos a tergo Dulgibini et Chasuari cludunt, aliæque gentes haud perinde memoratæ. A fronte Frisii excipiunt. Majoribus minoribusque Frisiis vocabulum est, ex modo virium: utræque nationes usque ad Oceanum Rheno prætexuntur, ambiuntque immensos insuper lacus, et Romanis classibus nondum navigatos. § 25. The Chauci.-Contiguous to the Frisians and, like the Frisians, extended along the coast, though dipping further inland, came the Chauci. Translation. The nation of the Chauci, although it begin where the Frisians end, and covers an immense tract of the sea-board, overlies the frontiers of all the nations I have enumerated, even until it winds itself into the land of the Chatti. So vast a space do the Chauci, not only hold, but fill—a people, amongst those of Germany, of the noblest. In the original. Chaucorum gens, quamquam incipiat a Frisiis, ac partem litoris occupet, omnium, quas exposui, gentium lateribus obtenditur, donec in Chattos usque sinuetur. Tam immensum terrarum spatium non tenent tantùm Chauci, sed et implent : populus inter Germanos nobilissimus. § 26. The Cherusci and Fosi.—Again— Translation. On the side of the Chauci and Chatti, the Cherusci have, for a long time, indulged in an excessive and weakening state of peace-unharassed— a peace more easy than safe. Amid the unrestrained and the strong you may maintain a false repose. Where action goes on, moderation and probity are the prerogative of the stronger. Hence, those who were once the good and just Cherusci are now the idle and foolish. With the victorious Chatti their good fortune has taken the name of wisdom. The Fosi were drawn in with the downfall of the Cherusci-the Fosi, a nation of the frontier. The Fosi who, their inferiors during their prosperity, are on fair grounds, their fellows in adversity. In the original. In latere Chaucorum Chattorumque, Cherusci nimiam ac marcentem diu pacem illa cessiti nutrierunt : idque jucundius, quàm tutius fuit ; quia inter impotentes et validos falsò quiescas: ubi manu agitur, modestia ac probitas nomina superioris sunt. Ita qui olim boni æquique Cherusci,' nunc 'inertes ac stulti' vocantur: Chattis victoribus fortuna in sapientiam cessit. Tracti ruinà Cheruscorum et Fosi, contermina gens, adversarum rerum ex æquo socii, cùm in secundis minores fuissent. § 27. The Angles, &c.—For the actual Angles, and for the tribes more especially connected with them, we must look towards the Lower Elbe. After noticing the Langobards, Tacitus continues:— Translation. The Reudigni next; then the Aviones, the Angli, the Varini, the Suardones, and the Nuithones, fortified by forests or rivers, &c. In the original. Reudigni deinde, et Angli, et Aviones, et Varini, et Suardones, et Nuithones fluminibus aut sylvis muniuntur, &c. CHAPTER V. GERMAN ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.- -SPECIAL § 28. Ptolemy's notice of the Angles is as follows: Translation. Of the nations of the interior the greatest are those of the Suevi Angli, (who lie east of the Langobardi, stretching northwards to the middle course of the River Elbe,) and of the Suevi Semnones, who reach from the aforesaid part of the Elbe, eastward, to the river Suêbus, and that of the Buguntæ, in continuation as far as the Vistula. In the original. Τῶν δὲ ἐντὸς καὶ μεσογείων ἐθνῶν μέγιστα μέν ἐστι τό, τε τῶν Σουήβων τῶν ̓Αγγειλῶν, οἱ εἰσιν ἀνατολικώτεροι τῶν Λαγγοβάρδων ἀνατείνοντες πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους μέχρι τῶν μέσων τοῦ ̓Αλβιος ποταμοῦ καὶ τὸ τῶν Σουήβων τῶν Σεμνόνων, οἵτινες διήκουσι μετὰ τὸν ̓́Αλβιν ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου μέρους πρὸς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι τοῦ Σουήβου ποταμοῦ καὶ τὸ τῶν Βουγούντων τὰ ἐφεξῆς καὶ μέχρι τοῦ Οὐιστούλα κατεχόντων. § 29. The Saxons of Ptolemy lay to the north of the Elbe, on the neck of the Chersonese, and the Sigulones occupied the Chersonese, itself, westwards. Then come Translation. (2) The Sabalingii; then (3) the Kobandi; above these (4) the Chali ; and above them, but most to the west (5) the Phundusii; more to the east (6) the Charudes; and most to the north of all (7) the Cimbri; (8) the Pharodini lay next to the Saxons between the rivers Chalusus and Suibus. In the original. Τὴν δὲ παρωκεανίτιν κατέχουσιν ὑπὲρ μὲν τοὺς Βουσακτέρους οἱ Φρίσσιοι μέχρι τοῦ ̓Αμασίου ποταμοῦ· μετὰ δὲ τούτους Καῦχοι οἱ μικροὶ μέχρι τοῦ Οὐισούργιος ποταμοῦ· εἴτα Καῦχοι οἱ μείζους μέχρι τοῦ ̓́Αλβιος ποταμοῦ· ἐφεξῆς δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν αὐχένα τῆς Κιμβρικῆς Χερσονήσου Σάξονες· αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν Χερσόνησον ὑπὲρ μὲν τοὺς Σάξονας Σιγούλωνες ἀπὸ δυσμῶν, εἶτα Σαβαλίγγιοι, εἶτα Κοβανδοί, Ὑπὲρ οὓς Χάλοι, καὶ ἔτι ὑπέρ τούτους δυσμικώτεροι μὲν Φουνδοῦσοι, ἀνατολικώτεροι δὲ Χαροῦδες, πάντων δὲ ἀρκτικώτεροι Κίμβροι. Μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Σάξονας ἀπὸ τοῦ Χαλούσου ποταμοῦ μέχρι τοῦ Σουήβου ποταμοῦ Φαροδεινοί. In another place the three islands of the Saxons are mentioned.—Σαξόνων νήσοι τρεῖς. § 30. Without attempting any closer details than our materials will allow, let us identify the continental part of the Saxon area of Ptolemy with the districts now named Stormar and Ditmarsh. As to the Saxons of the Islands, they are difficult to fix. Sylt, Fohr, and Nordstrand, are the localities most generally quoted. Perhaps, however, the relations of the land and water have altered since the time of Ptolemy. It is only necessary to remember that there were Saxons on two localities; Saxons on the islands, and Saxons on the sea-coast; and that Ptolemy is the earliest author who uses the word. CHAPTER VI. GERMAN ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.-PARTS OF GERMANY, ETC.-CONSIDERATION OF THE CHANGES WHICH MAY HAVE TAKEN PLACE BETWEEN THE CLASSICAL AND THE CARLOVINGIAN PERIODS. § 32. THE mother-country of the Angle invaders of England, in the time of the Carlovingians, and in the eyes of the Franks, was Saxonia, or, in simple English, Saxony. Friesland was, occasionally, included in it. Of these two areas, Saxony fell into divisions and subdivisions: I. Cisalbian; to the south of the Elbe, containing(1) Westphalia; (2) Angraria; (3) Eastphalia. II. Transalbian or Nordalbingian; beyond the Elbe, |