Leah, A. S. lea. The -ley, in Baddow-ley, Mading ley, &c. = Mere, A. S. and English-Whittlesea Mere. Mos, A. S. =moss = moor, or swamp; as in Chat-mos, i. e. a locality where mosses grow abundantly rather than the moss itself. Næs, A. S.=ness (or naze)—Shoebury-ness, Waltonon-the-Naze-Scandinavian as well as German. Indeed, it is more or less Slavonic and Latin as well-noss and nas-us. Seta, A. S. settler-Somer-set, Dor-set. 1 Wic, A. S. place the stead in words like Hamp place-stow, Wit-stow. toft, as in Wig-toft. ton-Nor-ton, Sut-ton North-town, way-Strang-way. = wick, wich-Aln-wick, Green-wich, Wick. Wordig, A. S.-worth in Tam-worth, Box-worth. Wyl, A. S. well-Ash-well, Am-well. porp, A. S.=thorp-Maple-thorp. § 57. (a.) For the geographical names of one district to exhibit an accurate coincidence with those of another, the physical conditions of the countries should be identical. We cannot expect to find the terms that apply to fens and marshes in an alpine region; nor, vice versâ, the names for rocks and hills amongst the fens. Compare Holland with Derbyshire, and you will find but few names common to the two. Compare Lincolnshire with the Hartz, and the result will be equally negative. Com pare it, however, with Holland, and fens and moors occur abundantly. (b.) For the geographical names of one district to exhibit an accurate coincidence with those of another, their meanings should be identical. Sometimes this is the case. The becks of England are brooks or streams; those of Germany the same. The tons, -túns, or towns, however, of Germany are of the rarest; indeed they are scarcely, if at all, to be found. Yet the word is German: its form being zaun. In Germany, however, it means a hedge, and in Holland (where it is tuin) a garden. The notion of enclosure lies at the bottom of its meaning. The details, however, which result from it are different. (c.) For the geographical names of one district to exhibit an accurate coincidence with those of another, their form should be identical. The element -ham is found all over Germany. But it is not found in the same parts: it is -heim in some; in others -hem, in others -ume. g. Oppen-heim, Arn-hem, Hus-um. § 58. Personal Names.-Unlike the local, the personal names of modern England are pre-eminently heterogeneous. The surnames are so. The Christian names are so. Some are French, some Hebrew, some Greek. Nevertheless, some are German. Finally, some are more especially Anglo-Saxon. A little was written on this point, when the difference between the older and newer names of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was indicated. The system that gives our Alfreds, Edwins, and Edwards, is not the system that gives us such names as Port and Stuf. A little more may now be added. Let any who doubts their value as an instrument of criticism, look for Edwins and Edwards amongst the Goths; for Wilhelms and Hunnerics (Henries) amongst the Danes; for Cnuts, Olafs, and Harolds amongst the Franks. He will find but few. CHAPTER X. GERMAN ORIGIN, ETC.-APPLICATION OF PREVIOUS PRINCIPLES.-DISTRIBUTION OF LOCAL NAMES.-SIGNS OF DANISH, OF SLAVONIC, AND OF FRISIAN AND OLD SAXON OCCUPANCY. § 59. Signs of Danish occupancy.-The chief sign of Danish occupancy is the termination -by, meaning town, village, or settlement. Where an Angle said Charlton, a Dane said Carlby. Now, south of the Eyder, there are few or no names ending in -by. § 60. Signs of Slavonic occupancy.-For the Slavonic forms, compare a map of (say) Poland with one of (say) Hesse, or Westphalia, and their general character will become apparent. Trace them from Poland westward. They will first show themselves to the exclusion of anything German, as in Posen. The two forms will then show themselves concurrently; the Slavonic prevailing in the east and the German in the west. This is the case in Mecklenburg, Altmark, and Saxony. In Holstein, Lauenburg, and Luneburg, the Slavonic forms are few and fragmentary. Roughly speaking, the traces of Slavonic occupancy are bounded by a line drawn from Kiel to Coburg. § 61. Signs of Frisian and Old Saxon occupancy.Forms in -um, when found in either the Duchy of Sleswick, or Germany (i. e. when other than Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, or Icelandic), are, primá facie, evidence of either Frisian or Old Saxon (more especially of Frisian) occupancy. In Friesland itself, they are at their maximum: the details elsewhere being as follows: Groningen. In the arrondissement of Appingadam only we have eighteen. Overijssel.-(a.) Arrondissement of Zwolle.-Three compounds of -h-m, viz.: Blanken-hem, Windes-heiw, and Wils-um-all three different; one Saxon, one German, and one Frisian. (b.) Arrondissement of Deventer.-One; Hess-um. (c.) Arrondissement of Almelo.-Three; Ootmars-um, Rent-um, and Ross-um. Between Almelo and Ommen a Vriesen-veen = Frisian fen. Gelderland.-(a.) Arrondissement of Arnhem.-Here Arn-hem takes the form in -hem. On the contrary, Helsum and Renkum occur, and so do Bennekom and Ellekom. (b.) Arrondissement of Tiel.-Heukel-um, Gellic-um, and Ross-um. North Brabant.-Three or four at most. Limburg.-Four forms, Wess-um, Seven-um, Wans-um, and Otters-um; but they occur in the northern arrondissement (that of Roermonde) only, and that in contact with Groet-hem and Baex-hem. North Holland-(a.) In the arrondissement of Amsterdam. Blaricum, Helmersum, Bussum. (b.) In the arrondissement of Hoorn.-Wognum. Notwithstanding this paucity of Frisian forms in North Holland, part of the province is called West Friesland. As outlyers we have-in the parts to the north and north-west of Brunswick-Ohr-um, Börs-um, Born-um, Rockl-um, Eil-um, Fitz-um, Ahl-um, Ahz-um, Volz-um, Hach-um, Gilz-um, Lechl-um, Eit-um, Watz-um, Saltzdal-um. Forms in -um occur all along the coast from Embden to Cuxhaven, from the Dollart to the Elbe, as also in the islands opposite. They occur in the Duchy of Sleswick, on its western side, and in the parts north of the Eyder, between Bredsted and Hus-um-Olz-hus-um, Bogel-um, Lug-um, &c.; this being the country of the North Frisians. In the islands the distribution is as follows: (a.) In Föhr-Duns-um, Utters-um, Hedehus-um, Vitsum, Niebel-um, Baldiks-um, Vreks-um, Oevens-um, Midlum, Alkers-um, Borgs-um, Toft-um, Klint-um, Olds-um, Duns-um. (b.) In Sylt, Horn-um, Mors-um, Arks-um, Keit-um, Tinn-um-all in the southern half of the island. (c.) In northern Romö, Toft-um. In southern Romö, none. (d.) In Fanö, none. (e. f. g.) In Amröm, in Pelvorm, and in Nordstrand, none. To the north of Tondern, the form becomes Danish. § 62. (a.) In the southern extremity of the Principality of Wal-deck is a Sachsen-berg, and in the centre a Sachsen-häusen. (b.) Due west of Waldeck lies the Sauerland, with the watershed between the Weser and the Rhine. The Ruhr has some of its head-waters here. Now Sauer-land is Suther-land, or Southern-land. Yet if we look at either the Hessian area, or the Frank, it lies quite at the northern extremity. This is just what we have in our own island, of which the most northern county is the Southern-land (Suther-land). Why is this? Simply because the name was given by a population which viewed it from the north; viz. the Norwegians of Orkney and Shetland. Apply this view to Sauer-land. It is an intelligible name, if we suppose that a Saxon population gave it; but not otherwise, But in order for it to be given, the Saxon frontier must have come down as far south as the Sauerland frontier. This it touched; perhaps included. 63. I submit, then, that the lines here indicated include the land of the Saxons and the Frisians as opposed to that of the Franks, the Hessians, the Thuringians, the Slavonians, and the Danes; lines enclosing |