not the actual soldiers of Carausius. Now Carausius was a German from the district of the Menapii. He was appointed by Diocletian to protect the coast of Gaul against the Franks and Saxons-" quod Franci et Saxones infestabant."-Eutropius, ix. 21. His head-quarters lay at Bononia Boulogne. His title was Comes maritimi tractus -Count of the maritime tract, this tract being (as far as Gaul was concerned) the subsequent Litus Saxonicum. He, afterwards, rebelled, and assumed the Imperial title in Britain; was assassinated by Allectus (A.D. 293), who (in his turn) was defeated by Asclepiodotus.

Extract from Lappenberg.

The deeds of Augustus Carausius are of great moment for the later history of the country. Through him Britain first learned that it could maintain itself independent of Roman supremacy, and in security against its northern enemies; and the slumbering national spirit became, through this consciousness of self-dependence, powerfully excited. He reigned chiefly by the help of Frankish warriors, under Roman forms of government, which, from their connection with his memory, may have been held in a high degree of veneration in the minds of later races. But not less has Carausius influenced the latter Germanizing of Britain by the Saxons. Himself a German by extraction-a Menapian by birth-if he did not cause the settling of the Saxons along the Saxon shore, in Gaul as well as in Britain, he at least promoted it by his alliance with them.-Thorpe's Translation, vol. i. pp. 45, 46.

Again, A.D. 306, Constantius dies at York, and his son Constantine, assisted by Eroc, king of the Alemanni, assumes the empire; but the Alemanni, though Germans, were not Angles.

§ 5. Direction, &c.—The English language, coming from Germany, spread from east to west rather than from west to east.

§ 6. Rate and languages with which the English came in contact. The rate at which the Angle spread is uncertain. When Beda, however, wrote his Ecclesiastical History, the number of languages spoken within the four seas was five.

Translation.

This, at the present time, according to the number of the books in which the Divine Law is written, explores and confesses the one and the same knowledge of supreme truth and true sublimity in the language of five nations-viz. the Angles, the Britons, the Scots, the Picts, and the Latins, which, from the perusal of the Scriptures, is made common to all the others.

In the original.

Hæc in præsenti, juxta numerum librorum quibus lex divina scripta est, quinque gentium linguis unam eandemque summæ veritatis et veræ sublimitatis scientiam scrutatur et confitetur, Anglorum videlicet, Brittonum, Scotto um, Pictorum, et Latinorum, quæ meditatione scripturarum, cæteris omnibus est facta communis.-Lib. i. c. 1.

Of these

The Angle was the mother-tongue of the present English; the Scottish, either the mother-tongue of the present Gaelic, or a closely-allied dialect. The relations of the Pict have given rise to whole volumes of controversy and have yet to be determined.

§ 7. The Latin.-What was the language with which the English of the Angle Conquest came in contact— British or Latin? There was, certainly, some Latin in our island; the language of the officials, and (more or less) of the towns. The language of the bulk of the population I believe to have been British. The question, however, is one on which opinion is divided.

In favour of its having been Latin is the evidence of— 1. The Inscriptions.-Numerous both on coins and on monuments; all being in Latin.

2. The Analogy of the French, &c.-The ancient language of Gaul was Keltic; the present French is Latin.

The ancient Spanish and Portuguese forms of speech. were Bask or Iberic; the present are Latin.

A large portion of Italy was, originally, other than Latin. It is now Latin.

In the Grison districts of Switzerland the Romance, a

language of Latin origin, is now spoken. The original tongue was other than Latin.

In Wallachia and Moldavia the Rumanyo, a language of Latin origin, is now spoken. The original Dacian was other than Latin. Yet these analogies are anything but conclusive; inasmuch as the following provinces neither exhibit at the present time, nor ever have exhibited, either trace or symptom of the Latin language, as the vernacular form of speech:-(1) Thrace; (2) Mosia Inferior, or Bulgaria; (3) Moesia Superior, or Servia and Bosnia; (4) Pannonia; (5) Dalmatia. Now, this is amply sufficient to set aside the doctrine, that the Romans introduced their language wherever they settled—a doctrine too often assumed. All that we are justified in saying is, that they did so in Gaul, the Spanish Peninsula, parts of Italy, parts of Switzerland, and the Danubian Principalities. With Thrace, the Moesias, Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Britain, it is an open question.

Add that the text, itself, of Beda means the ecclesiastical Latin of the scriptures rather than any vernacular form of speech; inasmuch as the following passage, treating of the spoken languages of our island, makes them four-" omnes nationes et provincias Britanniæ, quæ in quatuor linguas, id est Brittonum, Pictorum, Scottorum et Anglorum divisæ sunt, in ditione accepit."-Eccl. Hist. iii. 6.

§ 8. The British-the word WALES.-The name of this country was at first that of the people: meaning the Welshmen. Its clder form is Wealhas, the plural of Wealh. It is an Anglo-Saxon word used to denote those populations which resided on the borders of the Anglo-Saxons, but were not themselves Anglo-Saxon. It is anything but a Welsh denomination. Neither is it applied to the Welsh exclusively. Neither are the English the only Germans who have had recourse to it when they wished to

designate a nation which was other than German. It applies to the Italians: Welschland being a German name for Italy. The Valais districts of Switzerland are the districts occupied by the Welsh, i. e. the Non-germans. The parts about Liege constitute the Walloon country; a country on the frontier of Germany, but not German. Wallachia, too, is only another Wales or Welschland.

CHAPTER II.

CRITICISM OF THE CURRENT NOTIONS RESPECTING THE

INTRODUCTION OF THE ENGLISH

GERMANY.

LANGUAGE FROM

§ 9. THE English language came from Germany. From what part? If Britain had been peopled like America and Australia, within either the memory of man, or under the full light of a clear, authentic, contemporary and trustworthy history, such a question as this would have been superfluous; for a moderate amount of information would have supplied the answer. But it was not during a literary period that Britain became transformed into England; on the contrary, it was during a time of darkness and disturbance; after the classical literature had died out and before the literature of Christianity had been developed. Again, if the Anglo-Saxon language still kept its ground in Germany, the reply would be easy. A reference to the map would suffice. But this is not the case. Throughout the whole length and breadth of Germany, there is not one village, hamlet, or family which can show definite signs of descent from the continental ancestors of the Angles of England. For this reason, the place whence our language came, as well as the time at which it was introduced, forms a subject of investigation.

§ 10. It cannot, however, be denied that the current historians treat the matter differently; and that they dispose of it briefly. They give us a definite date; time. and place as well. They tell us from what parts of Germany each division of our German invaders came. They tell us who led them. They tell us what parts of Britain they severally invaded. They tell us that there were more settlements than one, and that the details of them were thus:

First settlement of invaders from Germany.—In the year 449 A.D. certain invaders from Northern Germany made the first permanent settlement in Britain. Ebbsfleet, in the isle of Thanet, was the spot where they landed; and the particular name that they bore was that of Jutes. Their leaders were Hengist and Horsa. Six years after their landing they had established the kingdom of Kent.

Second settlement of invaders from Germany.In the year 477 A.D. invaders from Northern Germany made. the second permanent settlement in Britain. The coast of Sussex was the spot whereon they landed. The particular name that these tribes gave themselves was that of Saxons. Their leader was Ella. They established the kingdom of the South Saxons, or Sussex.

Third settlement of invaders from Germany.-In the year 495 A.D. invaders from Northern Germany made the third permanent settlement in Britain. The coast of Hampshire was the spot whereon they landed. They were Saxons. Their leader was Cerdic. They established the kingdom of the West Saxons, or Wessex.

Fourth settlement of invaders from Germany.-A.D. 530, certain Saxons landed in Essex.

Fifth settlement of invaders from Germany.-One of these were Angles in Norfolk and Suffolk.

Sixth settlement of invaders from Germany.-In the