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§ 73. DID any other German populations, under their own name, join the Angle invasions? Did any of them do so under the general name of Angle or Saxon? Did any of them effect any independent settlements?

§ 74. The Frisians.-(a) Procopius writes that three very populous nations occupied Britain, the Angles, the Britons, and the Frisians.

(b) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under the year 897, runs thus:

The armies from among the East-Anglians and from among the North-Humbrians, harassed the land of the West-Saxons chiefly, most of all by their æscs, which they had built many years before. Then King Alfred commanded long ships to be built to oppose the æscs; they were full-nigh twice as long as the others; some had sixty oars, and some had more; they were both swifter and steadier, and also higher than the others. They were shapen neither like the Frisian nor the Danish, but so as it seemed to him that they would be most efficient. Then some time in the same year, there came six ships to Wight, and there did much harm, as well as in Devon, and elsewhere along the sea-coast. Then the king commanded nine of the new ships to go thither, and they obstructed their passage from the port towards the outer sea. Then went they with three of their ships out against them; and three lay in the upper part of the port in the dry; the men were gone from them ashore. Then took they two of the three ships at the outer part of the port, and killed the men, and the other ship escaped; in that also the men were killed except five; they got away because the other ships were aground. They also were aground very disadvantageously; three lay aground on that side of the deep on which the Danish ships were aground, and all the rest upon the other side, so that no one of them could get to the others. But when the water had ebbed many furlongs from the ships, the Danish men went from their three ships to the other three which were left by the tide on their side, and then they there fought against them. There was slain Lucumon the king's reeve, and Wulfheard the Frisian, and Æbbe the Frisian, and

Æthelhere the Frisian, and Æthelferth the king's geneat, and of all the men, Frisians and English, seventy-two; and of the Danish men one hundred and twenty.

(c) In the life of St. Swibert we have the following passage:"Egbertus sitiens salutem Frisionum et Saxonum, eo quod Angli ab eis propagati sunt."

§ 75. Chauci.-With the Carlovingian writers, at least, the Frisian name included something beyond the Frisians Proper, or the Frisians in the strictest sense of the term. The Chauci were a detail of it. Apparently, this word belongs to the classical period only, being lost when we approach the Carlovingian times. But it is only apparently. Its German form is Hoc-ing; at least, such is the reasonable opinion of the majority of investigators-the -ing being a gentile termination, and, as such, no original part of the word. As to the change from Ch-, to H- it creates no difficulty. It is the same which occurs in Chatti and Hessi. In Attuarii, as compared with Chattuarii it disappears altogether. Now the Hocings have a prominent position in the earliest Frisian history; or if not in the earliest Frisian history, in that cycle of legend which simulates it. In Beowulf, we find among the heroes1. Finn, the son of Folcwalda, a Frisian:

2. Hildeburg his queen, a Hocing:

3. Healfdene, the king of the Danes: 4. Hnæf, a Hocing, his vassal:

5. Hengist, a Jute, his (Healfdene's) vassal also. These two last invade Finn's territory. Hnæf is slain; Finn's followers also. The bodies are burned. Hengist remains, and meditates vengeance; which he effects by killing Finn and carrying off his queen. The text is as follows; the translation being Mr. Kemble's. It may also be found in a version of Mr. Thorpe's as an appendix to the first volume of Lappenburg:

Hrogar's poet after the mead-bench must excite joy in the hall,

concerning Finn's descendants, when the expedition came upon them; Healfdene's hero, Hnæf the Scylding, was doomed to fall in Friesland. Hildeburh had at least no cause to praise the fidelity of the Jutes; guiltlessly was she deprived at the war-game of her beloved sons and brothers; one after another they fell wounded with javelins; that was a mournful lady. Not in vain did Hoce's daughter mourn their death, after morning came, when he under the heaven might behold the slaughterer of her son where he before possessed the most of earthly joys: war took away all Fin's thanes, except only a few, so that he might not on the place of meeting gain anything by fighting against Hengest, nor defend in war his wretched remnant against the king's thane; but they offered him conditions, that they would give up to him entirely a second palace, a hall, and throne; so that they should halve the power with the sons of the Jutes, and at the gifts of treasure every day Folcwalda's son should honour the Danes, the troops of Hengest should serve them with rings, with hoarded treasures of solid gold, even as much as he would furnish the race of Frisians in the beer-hall. There they confirmed on both sides a fast treaty of peace.

Again,

Thence the warriors set out to visit their dwellings, deprived of friends, to see Friesland, their homes and lofty city; Hengest yet, during the deadly-coloured winter, dwelt with Finn, boldly, without casting of lots he cultivated the land, although he might drive upon the sea the ship with the ringed prow; the deep boiled with storms, wan against the wind, winter locked the wave with a chain of ice, until the second year came to the dwellings; so doth yet, that which eternally, happily provideth weather gloriously bright. When the winter was departed, and the bosom of the earth was fair, the wanderer set out to explore, the stranger from his dwellings. He thought the more of vengeance than of his departing over the sea, if he might bring to pass a hostile meeting, since he inwardly remembered the sons of the Jutes. Thus he avoided not death when Hunláf's descendant plunged into his bosom the flame of war, the best of swords; therefore were among the Jutes, known by the edge of the sword, what warriors bold of spirit Finn afterwards fell in with, savage sword slaughter at his own dwelling; since Guɣláf and Osláf after the sea-journey mourned the sorrow, the grim onset: they avenged a part of their loss; nor might the cunning of mood refrain in his bosom, when his hall was surrounded with the men of his foes. Finn also was slain. The king amidst his band, and the queen was taken; the warriors of the Scyldings bore to their ships all the household wealth of the mighty king which they could find in Finn's dwelling, the jewels and carved gems; they over the sea carried the lordly lady to the Danes-led her to their people. The lay was sung, the song of the glee-man, the joke rose again, the noise from the benches grew loud, cupbearers gave the wine from wondrous vessels.

Another poem of the same character of Beowulf, only more fragmentary, is the battle of Finnesburg. In this, Ordlaf, Guðlaf, Hnæf, and Hengist are again mentioned,

"Ordlaf and Guðlaf,
And Hengest self

Followed in his tract."

These extracts bear upon the nationality and personality of Hengist, rather than upon the Frisian element of the Angle invasion. It should, however, be added, that one account, at least, makes Hengist no Jute, but a Frisian.

In the way of internal evidence we have several compounds of Fris on our maps; e. g. Frieston and Frisby. Again, the German Ocean is occasionally called Mare Fresicum.

§ 76. The Longobards.—It is an undoubted fact that the numerous glosses of the Lombard laws belong to the High, rather than the Low, German group of dialects. They are Bavarian or Burgundian rather than Frisian, Old Saxon, or Angle. It is equally true that this High-German character is a presumption in favour of the Langobards having been other than Angle in their immediate ethnological connections. On the other hand, however, it may safely be said that, with this single fact, the evidence in favour of the Longobardi being High-Germans begins and ends. Everything else points to an Angle affinity.

(a) The mention of the Angli of Tacitus follows that of the Longobardi.

(b) The fine for killing a man is the same in the Angle and the Lombard laws.

(c) The mythic hero Sceaf, with whose strange history the Angle poem of Beowulf begins, is named in the Traveller's Song as the king of the Longobards:

Síge-here lengest
Sæ-denum weóld,

Sigehere longest
The Sea-Danes ruled,

Hnæf Hocinguin,

Hnæf the Hocings,

Sceafa Long-beardum.

(7.64.)

Sceaf the Longbeards, &c.

(d) The morgengabe, a pecuniary settlement made by the husband upon the wife the morning after marriage, is Angle and Lombard.

(e) The Langobardi of Ptolemy are placed to the west of the Suevi Angli—Σουηβοι οἱ "Αγγειλοι.

(f) The characteristic Anglo-Saxon names Edwin, Eadwine, Ealfwine, Clapa, and Edgar, are the names of the first four Lombard kings-viz. Audouin, Alboin, Clepho, and Autharis. With Audouin and Alboin the identification is less that of the modern speculator than that of the Anglo-Saxons themselves.

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Taken by itself, all this connects the Langobards with the Angles. It cannot, however, be taken by itself. The great complication engendered by the High-German character of the Lombard glosses cannot, for an instant, be ignored. I submit, however, that the dynasty which made the laws, was not the dynasty of the first kings; in other words, that the Lombard of the glosses is not the true Lombard at all, but rather Bavarian. Let us look at the history of the reign of Theudelinda (and we need go no further than Gibbon) for evidence upon this point. Audouin and Alboin (Edwin and Elfwin) are father and son. Clepho, who succeeds the father, is a noble, raised to the throne by election; Autharis is his son: a minor. During his minority there is the anarchical rule of what is called the Thirty Tyrants. As Autharis grows up he has to fight against both Frank and Bavarian invaders. He eventually defeats them: and marries

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