Theudelinda, a daughter of Garibald, King of Bavaria. He survives his wedding but one year. On his death, the dynasty changes. But, before this change of dynasty, there are no written laws. Meanwhile, there is the express evidence of Paulus Diaconus that

(a) During the reign of Autharis, 20,000 men left Italy, and returned to their original homes; that

(b) These men were Saxons; and that

(c) The district to which they returned was (to say the least) in Ostphalia, i. e. in the Angle division of Saxonia.

§ 77. The Goths probable occupants of Kent, and parts of Hampshire. See § 69.

§ 78. The Franks probable occupants of Kent.-There may have been Franks in Kent as well as Goths. One fact in favour of such having been the case lies in— (a) The extract from Mamertinus. (See § 5.) (b) The name Kent, which is no compound of the word Seaxe or Saxon, like Sus-sex, Es-sex, &c.-though it abuts upon districts so named. Hence, the easiest way of accounting for the compounds, in -sex, and their limitation to the south of England, is to suppose that they were the names by which the districts which bore them were known in Kent ;-the Franks being the population who, of all the Germans, most eschewed the use of the word Angle and most used the word Saxon. Saxon was a name which a Frank population would give to its neighbours, even if they were Angle in the strictest sense of the term. If a Frank had given a name to East-Anglian Suffolk, it would have been Es-sex.

(c) The name Hhlothare, as that of a king of Kent, is eminently Frank, and not at all Angle.

(d) Kent is divided into Lathes.-The Latin term Læti was a word belonging to the military nomenclature of Rome during the fourth century, as well as earlier and later.

It applied to the parts opposite Britain-viz. Gaul and Western Germany. It denoted a certain kind of military retainers; the service in which they were being the Roman. Julian, in Ammianus (xx. 8) writes of them thus: "Equos præbebo Hispanos, et miscendos gentilibus atque scutariis adolescentes Latos quosdam, cis Rhenum editam barbarorum progeniem, vel certe ex dedititiis, qui ad nostra desuescunt." Zosimus gives the form AɛToi. He speaks of the emperor as being a barbarian by blood, who by residence amongst the AɛToì, a Gallic nation, acquired some Latin cultivation (2, 54). Maуvévτios, γένος μὲν ἔλκων ἀπὸ βαρβάρων, μετοικήσας δὲ εἰς Λετοὶς, ἔθνος Γαλατικὸν, παιδείας τῆς Λατίνων μετασχών. The Frank Lati were settled by Maximianus, as we learn from Eumenius (Panegyric. Constant. Cæs. A.D. 296):-"Tuo-natu Nerviorum et Treverorum arva jacentia Lætus postliminio restitutus et receptus in leges Francus excoluit." The Notitia has a long list of them

Præfectus Lætorum Teutoniciarum, Carnunto Senoniæ Lugdunensis. Præfectus Lætorum Batavorum et gentilium Suevorum, Bajocas* et Constantiæ Lugdunensis secundæ.

Præfectus Latorum gentilium Suevorum, Cenomannos Lugdunensis tertiæ.

Præfectus Lætorum Francorum, Redonas Lugdunensis tertiæ.

Præfectus Lætorum Lingonensium, per diversa dispersorum Belgica primæ.

Præfectus Lætorum Actorum, Epuso Belgicæ primæ

Præfectus Lætorum Nerviorum, Fanomartis Belgicæ secundæ.

Præfectus Latorum Batavorum Nemetacensium, Atrebatis Belgica secundæ.

Præfectus Lætorum Batavorum Contraginensium, Noviomago Belgicæ secundæ.

Præfectus Lætorum gentilium, Remos et Silvanectas Belgicæ secundæ. Præfectus Lætorum Lagensium, prope Tungros Germaniæ secundæ. Præfectus Lætorum gentilium Suevorum, Arvernos Aquitaniæ primæ. Zeuss (v. Leti), to whom all the texts that have been laid before the reader are due, concludes with a notice

touching the question of the Kentish lathes most closely. The Theodosian Code states "That the lands appointed to the Lati, who were removed to them, were called terræ Latica." Such a word, then, as lathe may have grown out of [terra] Latica, That such existed in Romano-Keltic Gaul has been shown abundantly. That they also existed in Romano-Keltic Britain (especially in the parts nearest to Gaul) is probable.

§ 79. The Danes.-When the Angles tún, or town, the Danes called it a by. said Newton, the Danes said Newby.

called a place a When the Angles

When the Angles said chester (as in Dorchester), or cester (as in Bicester), the Danes said caster; e. g. Tadcaster, Doncaster, &c.

The Danes said Sk- rather than Sh-, i. e. Skip-ton, rather than Ship-ton.

The Danes said Ca-, rather than Ch-, i. e. Carl-ton rather than Charl-ton.

The Danes said Orm rather than Worm, as in Ormshead.

The Danes said Kirk rather than Church; as in Ormskirk.

With these facts as a preliminary we may study the distribution of the Danes. From Lincolnshire, where the forms in question are at their maximum, we trace them into Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, and Derbyshire, as far as Rugby in Warwickshire, and Ashby in Northamp

tonshire. In Yorkshire they seem to have followed the western feeders of the Ouse up to its watershed, which they crossed, and, from the valley of the Eden in Cumberland, spread themselves into those of the Solway, the Lune, the Mersey, and the Dee. Faint traces of them occur in North, and fainter ones still in South, Wales. In the Isle of Man they are conspicuous.

Again-a block of land at the junction of Norfolk and Suffolk, on the lower course of the river Waveney, shows, in its numerous villages ending in -by, signs of Danish occupancy.

The Angle name of the present town of Whitby in Yorkshire was Streoneshalch. The present name is Danish. The Angle name of the capital of Derbyshire was Northweorthig. The present name is Danish.

Several words in the northern dialects are Norse rather than Angle.

The following inscription is Danish rather than pure Anglo-Saxon. It appears on a tomb in Alborough

Church, in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Ulf het aræran cyrice for hanum and for Gunthara saula.
Ulf bid rear the church for him, and for Gunthar's soul.

Ulf and hanum are Norse forms. The Anglo-Saxon mode of expressing descent was by means of the termination -ing; so that the son of Edgar

would not be Edgarson, but Edgaring. Yet the compounds in -son are pre-eminently common in the present English ; as they are in Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Feroic, and Icelandic. This looks as if our numerous patronymics like Ander-son, Thomp-son, John-son, Nel-son, &c., were of Danish, rather than Angle origin. Nevertheless, in the Anglo-Saxon charters we find the following passage:-"ministro qui Bondan sunu appellatur cognomine.” On the other hand, however, the grant is one of Canute's, for at the end of it we find in Anglo-Saxon: "Dis is dâra VII. hida bóc tó Hanitúne de Cnut cyning gebócode Leófwine Bondan sunu on éce yrfæ."-" This is the book (deed) of the seven hydes at Hannington, which Cnut, the king, granted to Leofwine Bondeson for a heritage for ever.”

§ 80. The Scandinavians who settled in Great Britain. were not exclusively Danes. Some were Norwegians. Can we separate the one from the other? Yes. For some reason or other, the termination -by, so common in Denmark, is rare in Norway, and wholly wanting in the Norwegian colony of Iceland. It is, also, all but wanting in Durham, Northumberland, Scotland, Orkney, Shetland, the Hebrides, and Ireland. The inference from this is, that, whilst the parts south of the Tees, so far as they were Norse at all, were Danish rather than Norwegian, the parts to the north of that river were Norwegian rather than Danish. The Danes crossed England; the Norwegians sailed round it. In the Isle of Man the two streams met. The same seems to have been the case in Ireland; where the term -ford=an arm of the sea (as in Carling-ford, Strang-ford) is (along with other local names) Scandinavian.

The words thus introduced constitute the direct Scandinavian of our language. Whether there be much or little of this will be considered in the sequel. At present it is only necessary to notice the word direct.