CHAPTER I.

Preliminary.

1. Hermeneutics defined, 17.

2. General and Special Hermeneutics, 17.

3. Biblical or Sacred Hermeneutics, 18.

4. Old and New Testament Hermeneu-

tics should not be separated, 18.

5. Hermeneutics distinguished from Intro-

duction, Criticism, and Exegesis, 19.

6. Hermeneutics both a science and an

art, 20.

7. Necessity of Hermeneutics, 20, 21.

8. Rank and importance of Hermeneutics

in Theological Science, 21, 22.

CHAPTER II.

Qualifications of an Interpreter.

A. INTELLECTUAL QUALIFICATIONS:-

1. A sound, well-balanced mind, 23.

2. Quick and clear perception, 23.

3. Acuteness of intellect (Bengel and

De Wette), 24.

4. Imagination allowed but controlled,

24.

5. Sober judgment, 25.

6. Correctness and delicacy of taste, 25.

7. Right use of reason, 25, 26.

8. Aptness to teach, 26.

B. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS:-

1. Knowledge of geography and his-

tory, 26.

2. Knowledge of chronology and an-

tiquities, 27.

3. Study of politics, law, and civil gov.

ernment, 27.

4. Knowledge of natural science, 27.

5. Speculative philosophy and psychol-

ogy, 27.

6. Knowledge of biblical languages and

of comparative philology, 27.

7. Acquaintance with general litera-

ture, 27,

C. SPIRITUAL QUALIFICATIONS:-

1. These partly a gift, partly acquired,

28.

2. Desire to know the truth, 28.

3. Deep and tender affection, 28, 29.

4. Enthusiasm for the Word of God, 29.

5. Reverence for God and his laws, 29.

6. Communion with the Holy Spirit, 30.

CHAPTER III.

Historical Sketch.

1. Value and importance of the history

of interpretation, 31.

2. Origin and variety of interpretations,

31.

3. Ezra the scribe, 32.

4. Public instruction in the law, 32.

5. Office and work of the scribes, 32, 33.

6. Progress of Jewish exegesis after

Ezra, 33.

7. Halachah and Hagadah, 33.

8. The Karaites, 34.

9. Methods of New Testament exegesis,
34, 35.

10. Allegorizing tendency of post-apostolic

time, 35.

11. School of Alexandria, 36.

12. School of Antioch, 37.

13. Theodore of Mopsuestia, 38.

14. John Chrysostom, 39.

15. Theodoret, 40.

16. Schools of Edessa and Nisibis, 40.

17. Ephraim Syrus, 41.

18. Barsumas and Ibas, 41.

19. Hippolytus, 42.

20. Jerome, 42, 43.

21. Augustine, 44.

22. The Catenists, 45.

23. Nicholas de Lyra, 45.

24. John Reuchlin, 46.

25. Erasmus, 46.

26. Luther and the Reformation, 47.

27. Melanchthon, 48.

28. John Calvin, 49.

29. Theodore Beza, 50.

30. Tendencies of Lutheran and Reformed

parties, 50.

31. Polyglots and Critici Sacri, 51.

32. Grotius, 51.

33. Voetius, 51, 52.

34. Cocceius, 52.

35. Spener and Franke, 53,

36. Ernesti, 53, 54.

37. German rationalism, 55.

38. Mediation school, 55, 56.

39. Evangelical school, 56.

40. Biblical exegesis in America, 56, 57.

41. Modern exegesis, 57.

CHAPTER IV.

Methods of Interpretation.

1. Halachic and Hagadic methods, 58, 59.

2. Allegorical interpretation (Philo, Clem.

ent), 59, 60.

3. Mystical interpretation (Origen, Mau-

rus, Swedenborg), 60, 61.

4. Pietistic interpretation (Quakers), 61,

62.

5. The accommodation theory (Semler),

62.

6. Moral interpretation (Kant), 63.

7. Naturalistic interpretation (Paulus),

64.

8. The mythical theory (Strauss), 64-66.

9. Other rationalistic theories (Baur,

Renan), 66, 67.

10. Exegesis controlled by speculative

philosophy (Reuss), 67, 68.

11. Apologetic and dogmatic methods,
68, 69.

12. Grammatico-historical interpretation,

70.

CHAPTER I.

Preliminary.

1. General principles defined, 71.

2. The Bible to be interpreted like other

books, 71.

3. Importance of general principles, 72.

4. Ennobling tendency of hermeneutical

study, 72.

CHAPTER II.

The Primary Meaning of Words.

1. Words the elements of language, 73.

2. Value and pleasure of etymological

studies, 73, 74.

(1) Illustrated by the word έkkλnoía,
74, 75.

(2) Illustrated by the word, 75, 76.

3. Value of comparative philology, 76.

4. Rare words and ära heyóμeva, 77.

(1) Illustrated by έπiovσios, 77.

(2) Illustrated by TIOTIKÓS, 77, 78.

5. Study of compound words, 78.

CHAPTER III.

The Usus Loquendi.

1. How the meaning of words becomes

changed, 79.

2. Importance of attending to the usus lo-

quendi, 79.

3. Means of ascertaining the usus loquen-

di:-

(1) By the writer's own definitions, 79.

(2) By the immediate context, 80.

(3) By the nature of the subject, 81.

(4) By antithesis or contrast, 82.

(5) By Hebrew parallelisms, 83.

(6) By relations of subject, predicate, ard

adjuncts, 84.

(7) By comparison of parallel passages, 84.

(8) By common and familiar usage, 84.

(9) By help of ancient versions, 86-88.

(10) By ancient glossaries and scholia, 88.

CHAPTER IV.

Synonymes.

1. Some words have many meanings, 89.

Many different words have like mean-

ing, 89.

2.

3. Seven Hebrew words for putting to

death, 90-92.

4. Twelve Hebrew words for sin or evil,
92-95.

5. Divine names in Hebrew Scriptures, 95.

6. Synonymes of the New Testament:-

(1) Καινός and νέος, 96, 97.

(2) Βίος and ζωή, 97, 98.

(3) Αγαπάω and φιλέω, 98, 99.

(4) Οίδα and γινώσκω, 99.

(5) 'Αρνία, πρόβατα, and προβάτια, 99.

(6) Βόσκω and ποιμαίνω, 99, 100.

CHAPTER VI.

Context, Scope, and Plan.

1. Context, scope, and plan defined, 108.

2. Scope sometimes formally announced,

109.

3. Plan and scope of Genesis seen in a

study of its contents and structure,

109, 110.

4. Plan and scope of Exodus, 110, 111.

5. Subject and plan of the Epistle to the

Romans, 111, 112.

6. Context, near and remote:-

(1) Illustrated by Isa. lii, 13-liii, 12, 112, 113.

(2) Illustrated by Matt. xi, 12, 113-116.

(3) Illustrated by Gal. v, 4, 116, 117.

7. Historical, dogmatic, logical, and psy-

chological connexion, 117.

8. Importance of studying context, scope,

and plan, 117.

9. Need of critical tact, and ability, 118.

1.

Parallels must have real correspond.

ency, 121.

The word hate in Luke xiv, 26 explained

by parallel passages, 122, 123.

Jesus' words to Peter in Matt. xvi, 18

explained by parallel texts, 123–127.

Many parts of Scripture parallel, 128.

CHAPTER VIII.

The Historical Standpoint.

Importance of knowing the historical

standpoint of a writer, 129.

2. Historical and geographical knowledge

3.

4.

5.

essential, 129.

Difficulty of transferring one's self into

a remote age, 130.

Personal sanctity of ancient worthies

sometimes unduly exalted, 130.

Historical occasions of the Psalms, 131,

132.

6. Places as well as times to be studied:-

(1) Shown by journeys and epistles of Paul,
133, 134.

(2) Historical and geographical accuracy of
Scripture proven by modern research,
134, 135.

7. Historical standpoint of John's Apoc-
alypse:→→

(1) The external evidence, 135-137.

(2) John's own testimony, 137.

(3) Internal evidence; six points, 138, 139.

(4) Great delicacy of discrimination neces-

sary, 140.

CHAPTER VI.

Interpretation of Parables.

1. Pre-eminence of parabolic teaching,

188.

2. Parable defined, 188, 189.

3. General use of parables, 189, 190.

4. Special purpose and reason of Jesus'

parables, 190, 191.

5. Parables a test of character, 192.

6. Superior beauty of the parables of

Scripture, 192.

7. Three essential elements of a parable,

193.

8. Three principal rules for the interpre-

tation of parables, 193, 194.

9. Principles illustrated in the parable of

the sower, 194, 195.

10. Parable of the tares and its interpre-

tation, 195.

(1) Things explained and things unnoticed in

modal expositions of Jesus, 196.

(2) We may notice some things which Jesus

did not emphasize, 196, 197.

(3) Suggestive words and allusions deserve

comment, 197.

(4) Not specific rules, but sound and discrim-

inating judgment, must guide the in-

terpreter, 198.

11. Isaiah's parable of the vineyard, 199.

12. Parable of the wicked husbandmen,

200.

13. Comparison of analogous parables:-

(1) Marriage of King's Son, and wicked hus-

bandmen, 201, 202.

(2) Marriage of king's son, and great supper,
202, 203.

14. Old Testament parables, 204.

15. All Jesus' parables in the Synoptic

Gospels, 205.

16. Parable of the labourers in the vine-

9. Allegory of the door and the shep-
herd:-

(1) Occasion and scope, 227, 228.

(2) Import of particular parts, 228, 229.

(3) Jesus' explanation enigmatical, 229, 230.

10. Paul's allegory of the covenants:-

(1) It is peculiar and exceptional, 231.

(2) The historical allusions accepted as true,

231.

(3) The correspondent clauses, 232.

(4) Paul's example as an allegorist, 232, 233.

(5) Such methods to be sparingly employed,

234.

11. Interpretation of Canticles :-

(1) The allegorical method, 234, 235.

(2) Objections to this method, 235.

(3) Canticles a dramatic parable, 236.

(4) Literal basis under oriental poetry, 237.

(5) Details not to be pressed into mystical

significance, 237.

1. Allegory distinguished from parable,

214.

tinguished, 244.

2.

2. Allegory a continued metaphor, 214,

3.

Examples of types and symbols, 244.

Analogy with several figures of speech,

215.

245.

Principal distinction between types and

symbols, 246.

-

5. Essential characteristics of the type:-

(1) Notable points of resemblance between

type and antitype, 247.

(2) Must be divinely appointed, 247.

(8) Must prefigure something future, 248.