A History of Lactic Acid Making: A Chapter in the History of BiotechnologyA thorough history. Lactic acid's chemistry has posed problems that required the large-scale preparation of the acid for study; its manufacture is a complicated process involving many subdisciplines of the science of chemistry; its use encompasses many fields of industrial activity and important asp |
Contents
LACTIC ACID IN EARLY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 17801840 | 1 |
The industrial revolution and chemistry | 3 |
Sulfuric acid replaces buttermilk in textile bleaching | 4 |
Carl Wilhelm Scheele 17421786 | 6 |
Scheele discovers lactic acid | 7 |
Antoine laurent lavoisier the father of modern chemistry | 9 |
Berzelius about organic chemistry | 11 |
Braconnot finds lactic acid in soured plant juices | 12 |
The effect of the War on tartaric and citric acid | 229 |
Citric acid by fermentation | 230 |
World lactic acid production capacity increased by More than 100 | 232 |
BUTYRIC FERMENTATION CAN SPOIL LACTIC FERMENTATION | 235 |
Purification of butyric acid | 236 |
Butyric acid and the environment | 238 |
THE CHEMICALIZATION OF THE NEW WORLD | 241 |
Cars need coatings | 243 |
Joseph Louis GayLussac 17781850 | 14 |
GayLussac addresses himself to the lactic acid controversy | 15 |
The first quantitative analysis of lactic acid | 17 |
Justus Liebig makes Germany the center of organic chemistry | 18 |
THE PRESCIENTIFIC ERA OF BIOTECHNOLOGY | 23 |
Spoilage and spontaneous generation | 24 |
The chemistry of life and the causes of fermentation | 26 |
The use of the microscope in fermentation studies | 27 |
Liebig ridicules the use of the microscope | 29 |
Lactic acid a new fermentation product | 30 |
Liebigs theory of fermentation | 32 |
The role of apothecaries in the preparation of chemicals | 34 |
Iron lactate the first pharmaceutical based on lactic acid | 35 |
Improvements in the preparation of lactic acid | 36 |
MICROBIOLOGY BECOMES A SCIENCE | 43 |
Pasteur on fermentation | 45 |
Pasteur on spontaneous generation | 47 |
Lister prepares a pure culture of a lactic acid bacterium | 48 |
The preparation of pure cultures | 52 |
Pasteur and the brewing process | 53 |
Hansen introduces pure cultures in beer brewing | 54 |
A research institute for the german fermentation industries | 55 |
The study of lactic acid bacteria at Delbrücks institute | 56 |
Wilhelm Henneberg introduces pure cultures in other industries | 57 |
The end of the LiebigPasteur controversy | 58 |
Biochemistry and citalism | 59 |
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF LACTIC ACID | 63 |
Lactic acid is dibasic | 64 |
The discovery of sarcolactic acid | 65 |
The structure of the lactic acid molecule | 66 |
Johannes Wislicenus 18351902 | 69 |
What is optical activity? | 70 |
The stereochemistry of lactic acid | 71 |
Modern nomenclature relating to stereoisomerism | 73 |
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID BEGINS IN AMERICA | 77 |
Chemistry in massachusetts | 78 |
Chemical education in boston | 79 |
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 82 |
Developments after the civil war | 84 |
Baking powder | 85 |
Charles Ellery Avery the first manufacturer of lactic acid | 86 |
Littleton site of Averys lactate factory | 88 |
The first years of the Avery company | 90 |
Charles Avery turns seriously ill | 92 |
The fermentation and purification of lactic acid | 94 |
Lactic acid in soft drinks | 97 |
Lactic acid in the mordanting of textiles | 100 |
Lactic acid in the tannery | 103 |
TEXTILE COLORING AND LACTIC ACID | 111 |
Chrome mordants need an organic acid | 113 |
The dyeing and printing of cotton | 114 |
Textile coloring demands much chemical skill | 115 |
Induline dyes | 117 |
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF LACTIC ACID COMES TO GERMANY | 121 |
Albert boehringer acquires a chemical plant at NiederIngelheim | 122 |
NiederIngelheim a rural village attracts industrial enterprises | 124 |
Cream of tartar production by DAvis Klein | 126 |
Tartaric acid production by Albert Boehringer | 127 |
Boehringer is interested in the manufacture of citric acid | 128 |
E Merck Darmstadt sells and maybe manufactures pharmaceutical lactic acid | 129 |
When did lactic acid fermentation begin in Darmstadt? | 133 |
Jacquemin obtains a patent for lactic acid production | 134 |
Who was George Jacquemin? | 135 |
Wehmer makes citric acid by fermentation | 140 |
Boehringer tries to make citric acid | 142 |
Boehringer decides to manufacture lactic acid | 144 |
Boehringers production method | 145 |
Applications of the new product | 148 |
Dreher sets up a consultancy business | 150 |
LACTIC ACID PRODUCING BACTERIA The discovery and fate of Lactobacillus delbrueckii | 157 |
Lactic acid bacteria in the distillery industry | 159 |
Mashing in the distillery | 160 |
Kunsthefe | 161 |
The origin of Lactobacillus delbrueckii | 162 |
Henneberg defines Lactobacillus delbrueckii more exactly | 164 |
French pharmaceutical lactic acid must be racemic | 165 |
Confusion about the enantiomer produced by L delbrueckii | 166 |
Is Bacillus coagulans the culprit? | 167 |
How stable are lactic acid producing bacteria? | 168 |
EFFORTS TO MAKE FOOD GRADE LACTIC ACID | 171 |
Is lactic acid fit for human consumption? | 174 |
Opposition to the use of lactic acid in food and beverages | 176 |
The competitive situation | 177 |
Did Boehringer have a technological or economic advantage? | 178 |
Problems in the production of edible lactic acid | 179 |
Purification through crystallization of calcium lactate | 180 |
A trick of the trade | 181 |
The Boehringer company fared well with lactic acid | 183 |
The first social charter of the company | 184 |
Boehringer tries to increase his influence in city matters | 185 |
Lactic acid and cellulose films | 187 |
An American lactic acid plant | 189 |
Did US lactic acid producers cooperate in the market? | 190 |
Trusts and antitrust actions in america | 191 |
Purpose of Club | 192 |
Did lactic acid really compete with tartaric and citric? | 193 |
TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN MAKING EDIBLE LACTIC ACID | 199 |
Precipitation of the calcium salts of the food acids | 200 |
The purification of the three food acids | 202 |
Interesterification lactic acid disturbs its own purification | 203 |
What purification processes existed for lactic acid? | 204 |
LACTIC ACID AND OTHER FERMENTATION INDUSTRIES IN WORLD WAR I | 209 |
The role of chemists and chemistry in the war | 210 |
The war of 19141918 a war of chemicals | 211 |
The fermentation industry supplies glycerol | 212 |
The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute is mobilized | 214 |
Sodium and potassium lactate as glycerol substitutes | 215 |
German lactic acid production in World War I | 216 |
How did France and Britain react when imports of German lactic acid stopped? | 218 |
a British war baby | 220 |
The butanolacetone fermentation process | 222 |
Chemical problems of the United States | 223 |
American production of organic acids | 224 |
The American lactic acid industry during World War I | 225 |
Introduction of edible lactic acid in America | 227 |
Raw material for lactic acid in the United States | 228 |
Ethyl lactate a potential lacquer solvent | 245 |
More about Cellosolve and the beginnings of petrochemistry | 249 |
Why ethyl lactate did not make it | 251 |
Production of lactic acid almost disappears from the American scene | 253 |
Lactic acid production in Germany in the aftermath of World War I | 257 |
French troops occupy the Ruhr | 260 |
Merck reports severe raw material problems | 261 |
What happened to Boehringer? | 262 |
Lactic acid production in GreatBritain | 263 |
Bowmans Warrington Ltd | 264 |
Howards Son later named Howards of Ilford Ltd | 265 |
Bowmans also make edible lactic acid | 267 |
Industrial cooperation and cartels in Germany | 268 |
The German lactic acid industry fixed sales prices | 270 |
Concluding remarks about the state of the lactic acid industry around 1930 | 272 |
THE RAW MATERIAL CHOICE SUGAR OR STARCH | 275 |
Starch sugar | 276 |
Malt sugar or maltose | 277 |
Dextrins | 278 |
The raw material situation in Germany | 279 |
Why sugar was not used in Germany | 280 |
Potato starch and starch sugar for the German fermentation industry | 283 |
Potato starch in World War I | 285 |
Raw material use in Germany during the interbellum | 286 |
Developments in the United States | 288 |
American sugar prices were too high for lactic acid manufacture | 291 |
Sugar is gradually replaced by dextrose | 293 |
Cheap chemically pure dextrose is invented by Newkirk | 294 |
Markets for dextrose hydrate | 296 |
FOOD ACIDS GREW DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION Citric becomes the soft drink acid of choice | 299 |
Pfizer makes citric acid a large volume commodity | 301 |
Lactic acid producers do not meet the challenge | 302 |
Price developments | 303 |
American production of edible lactic acid | 305 |
A new method to manufacture edible lactic acid | 306 |
New raw materials | 308 |
The chemurgy movement | 309 |
From the microbiology of cheese making to lactic acid fermentation | 312 |
Enters National Dairy | 313 |
Starch manufacturers introduce dextrose as raw material | 315 |
Repeal of the eighteenth amendment | 316 |
Corrosion problems | 320 |
The importance of calcium lactate | 323 |
The position of lactic acid as food acid in America | 324 |
Developments in Europe | 325 |
Growth of lactic acid in Germany | 326 |
Beverages | 328 |
Boehringer tackles the food industry | 329 |
Other European lactic acid manufacturers | 330 |
BOEHRINGER PROCESS TECHNOLOGY | 341 |
Purification of lactic acid by crystallization | 343 |
Crystallization of enantiomeric lactic acid | 345 |
Allied intelligence reports on lactic acid manufacture in Germany | 346 |
Boehringer knowhow in French eyes | 347 |
Conclusions of the French party | 348 |
Sundry observations of other visiting expert parties | 349 |
PETROCHEMICALS PREVAIL OVER FERMENTATION CHEMICALS Lactic acid from 1940 to 1965 | 351 |
Why did the fermentation industry stay so much behind? | 352 |
Is whey the right raw material for Lactoprene? | 354 |
Lactoprene was made from starch | 355 |
A new purification method for lactic acid | 358 |
Corrosion problems are finally surmounted | 360 |
Large scale production of lactic acid from molasses? | 363 |
The effect of USDA research on lactic acid sales | 364 |
Ethyl lactate from petrochemical feedstock | 365 |
European developments From 1945 to 1960 | 369 |
Europe counts too many producers of lactic acid | 371 |
Bowmans introduces buffered lactic acid | 372 |
Bowmans becomes the leading lactic acid manufacturer | 374 |
Société Normande de Produits Chimiques RhônePoulenc | 377 |
Introduction of ion exchange resins in lactic acid purification | 379 |
Luis Ayuso SA | 382 |
Lactic acid in olive production | 384 |
Kemisk Vaerk Køge AS | 385 |
European lactic acid producers establish a research association to promote lactic acid | 386 |
The first five years of ILRA | 389 |
Arnold chairman of ILRA | 390 |
Boehringer temporarily halts lactic acid production | 391 |
Boehringer joins ILRA | 393 |
CJ PATTERSON FINDS A NEW USE FOR LACTIC ACID The story of stearoyl lactylates conditioners of bread | 397 |
CJ Patterson cereal chemist and industrialist | 398 |
Patterson forms his own company | 399 |
CJ Patterson establishes a bakery research laboratory | 400 |
The FDA scrutinizes bread emulsifiers | 402 |
The supply of lactic acid | 404 |
Patterson approaches European lactic acid producers | 405 |
Synthetic lactic acid enters the picture | 407 |
A new bread additive may push it into chemical big time | 408 |
Clues to lactic requirement | 409 |
Fate of US producers of lactic acid | 410 |
FERMENTATION LACTIC ACID CONSOLIDATES ITS POSITION | 417 |
Indústria Química de Sínteses e Fermentaçôes | 419 |
HVA buys Schiedamsche Melkzuur Fabriek | 421 |
HVA establishes a research laboratory | 423 |
Why did the D isomer cause so much concern? | 424 |
Reactions of ILRA members | 425 |
HVA Research develops a method for making pure L+lactic acid | 426 |
The fate of L+lactic acid in baby food | 427 |
SMF penetrates the United Kingdom | 428 |
Lactic acid companies want to diversify | 430 |
Calcium lactate in the treatment of calcium deficiency | 431 |
Chemie Combinatie Amsterdam CCA is founded | 432 |
Two competitors stop manufacturing lactic acid | 434 |
The European Economic Community | 435 |
The Common Agricultural Policy CAP of the EEC | 436 |
The World Market Boom of 1974 and European Community Sugar Policy | 439 |
The original production refund system did not return | 440 |
A new watereddown production refund system | 442 |
The cost of sugar again nears world market level | 443 |
RhônePoulenc tries to make synthetic lactic acid from propylene | 444 |
Combined oxaliclactic acid production | 446 |
A second explosion hits RhônePoulenc | 448 |
| 453 | |
| 471 | |
Common terms and phrases
acetate acid production alcohol American amount application Avery bacterium baking became Berzelius Boehringer's Bowmans butyric acid C.H. Boehringer Sohn C.J. Patterson calcium lactate carbon Chem chemical industry chemistry chemists citric acid Claflin commercial concentration corn crystallization Darmstadt Dehio delbrueckii dextrose distillation distillery dyes edible lactic acid ethyl lactate export extraction factory fermentation process filtration Frémy Gay-Lussac German glucose glycerol Haynes ILRA important Ingelheim Intermezzo Jacquemin laboratory lactic acid bacteria lactic acid manufacture lactic acid plant lactic acid production Liebig Merck method microorganisms milk molasses molecules mordanting nitrocellulose obtained organic Pasteur Patterson Company Pelouze Pfizer pharmaceutical lactic acid potato starch problems production of lactic pure cultures purification raw material reaction reported Rhône-Poulenc salts Schiedam sodium solution solvent sour starch sugar studies sulfuric acid synthetic lactic acid tartaric acid technical lactic acid temperature textile tion Wehmer Wislicenus yeast