agerent, ab aliis domos, ut coniugibus liberisque tam 35 laetum nuntium impertirent. Senatus, quod M. Livius et C. Claudius 45 consules incolumi exercitu ducem hostium legionesque occidissent, supplicationem in triduum decrevit. Eam supplicationem C. Hostilius praetor edixit; celebrata a viris feminisque est. Omnia templa per totum triduum aequalem turbam habuere, quum 25 matronae amplissima veste cum liberis, perinde 50 ac si debellatum1 foret, omni solutae metu deis immortalibus grates agerent. Statum quoque civitatis ea victoria firmavit, ut iam inde haud secus quam in pace res inter se contrahere" vendendo, argentum creditum solvendo, auderent.

LIVY, XXVII. 50, 51.

36

8. Posito ubique bello magna pars senatus extremum discrimen adiit, profecta cum Othone ab urbe, dein Mutinae relicta. illuc adverso de proelio adlatum12: sed milites ut falsum rumorem aspernantes, quod infensum Othoni senatum 5 arbitrabantur, custodire" sermones, voltum habitumque trahere in deterius: conviciis postremo ac probris causam et initium caedis quaerebant, cum alius insuper metus senatoribus instaret, ne praevalidis 20 iam Vitellii partibus cunctanter excepisse victoriam crederentur. ita trepidis et utrimque anxii Io coeunt, nemo privatim expedito consilio, inter multos" societate culpae tutior28. rediere omnes Bononiam, rursus consiliaturi; simul medio temporis plures nuntii sperabantur. Bononiae, divisis per itinera qui recentissimum" quemque percontarentur, interrogatus Othonis libertus causam digressus habere se 15 suprema eius mandata respondit; ipsum viventem quidem relictum, sed sola posteritatis cura et abruptis vitae blandimentis. hinc admiratio et plura interrogandi pudor, atque omnium animi in Vitellium inclinavere. intererat consiliis frater eius L. Vitellius seque iam adulantibus' offerebat, cum repente 20 Coenus libertus Neronis atroci mendacio universos perculit13, adfirmans superventu quartae decumae legionis, iunctis a Brixello viribus, caesos victores, versam partium fortunam. fingendi fuit, ut diplomata Othonis, quae neglegebantur, laetiore nuntio revalescerent. et Coenus quidem rapide in urbem vectus 25 paucos post dies iussu Vitellii poenas luit: senatorum periculum auctum credentibus 12 Othonianis militibus vera esse quae adferebantur 29. nec ultra in commune congressi sibi" quisque consuluere, donec missae a Fabio Valente epistulae demerent metum3. et mors Othonis quo laudabilior, eo velo30 cius audita. TAC. Hist. II. 52.

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causa

The people pressed after them into the senate-house itself: but even at such a moment the senate forgot not its accustomed order; the crowd was forced back; and the consul's despatch was first read to the senators alone. Immediately afterwards 45 the officers came out into the forum: there L. Veturius again read the despatch; and as its contents11 were short, he himself related the particulars" of what he had seen and done. The interest1 of his hearers grew more intense with every word; till at last the whole multitude broke out into a universal" cheer, and 50 then rushed from the forum in all directions to carry the news to their wives and children at home, or ran to the temples to pour out their gratitude 13 to the gods. The senate ordered

13

a thanksgiving of three days; the praetor announced it in the forum; and for three days every temple was crowded; and 55 the Roman wives and mothers, in their gayest dresses, took their children with them", and poured forth their thanks to all the gods for this great deliverance 12.

45

9

ARNOLD.

(8.) NEWS OF THE BATTLE OF THE BOYNE. Meanwhile Dublin 13 had been in violent commotion. On the thirtieth of June 53 it was known that the armies were face to face 14 with the Boyne between them, and that a battle was almost inevitable 22. The news that William had been wounded 5 came that evening. The first report was that the wound was mortal. It was believed, and confidently repeated, that the usurper was no more15; and, before the truth was known, couriers started bearing the glad tidings of his death to the French ships which lay 29 in the ports of Munster. From day- 10 break 52 on the first of July 53 the streets of Dublin were filled with persons' eagerly asking25 and telling news. A thousand wild rumours wandered 28 to and fro among the crowd. A fleet of men of war under 50 the white flag had been seen from the hill of Howth. An army commanded by a Marshal of France 15 had landed in Kent. There had been hard fighting12 at the Boyne: but the Irish had won the day: the English right wing had been routed: the Prince of Orange was a prisoner. While the Roman Catholics heard11 and repeated these stories" in all the places of public resort, the few Protestants who were 20 still out of prison, afraid of being torn to pieces, shut themselves up in their inner chambers. But, towards five in the afternoon 5, a few runaways came straggling in with evil tidings1. By six it was known that all was lost. MACAULAY.

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5 rent.

29

12

9. (a) JERUSALEM. Urbem arduam situ opera molesque firmaverant, quis vel plana" satis munirentur. nam duos colles in immensum" editos claudebant "9 muri per artem obliqui' aut introrsus sinuati, ut latera obpugnantium ad ictus patesceextrema1 rupis abrupta; et turres, ubi mons iuvisset 30, in sexagenos pedes, inter devexa" in centenos vicenos[que] attollebantur, mira specie ac procul intuentibus 13 pares. alia intus moenia, regiae circumiecta, conspicuoque fastigio turris Antonia, in honorem M. Antonii ab Herode appellata. Templum 10 in modum arcis propriique muri, labore et opere ante alios; ipsae porticus, quis templum ambibatur29, egregium propugnaculum". fons perennis aquae, cavati sub terra montes 13 piscinae cisternaeque servandis imbribus. TAC. Hist. v. 11.

45

13

et

(6) MARCELLUS AT SYRACUSE. Marcellus ut moenia in15 gressus ex superioribus locis" urbem omnium ferme illa tempestate pulcherrimam subiectam oculis vidit, illacrimasse dicitur partim gaudio tantae perpetratae rei11 partim vetusta gloria urbis. Atheniensium classes demersae et duo ingentes exercitus cum duobus clarissimis ducibus deleti 13 occurrebant" et tot 20 bella cum Carthaginiensibus tanto cum discrimine gesta, tot tam opulenti tyranni regesque. Ea quum universa occurrerent animo, subiretque cogitatio, iam illa momento horae arsura12 omnia et ad cineres reditura, priusquam signa Achradinam admoveret, praemittit Syracusanos 15, qui intra praesidia Romana, 25 ut ante dictum est, fuerant, ut alloquio leni impellerent hostes ad dedendam urbem. LIVY, XXV. 24.

ansuros

43

10. Postremo promptis 20 iam et aliis seditionis ministris velut contionabundus interrogabat, cu: paucis centurionibus, paucioribus tribunis in modum servorum oboedirent. quando exposcere remedia, nisi novum et nutantem adhuc 5 principem precibus vel armis adirent? satis per tot annos ignavia peccatum 12, quod tricena aut quadragena stipendia senes et plerique truncato ex vulneribus corpore tolerent 33. ne dimissis quidem finem esse militiae, sed apud vexillum tendentes alio vocabulo eosdem labores perferre. ac si quis tot 10 casus vita superaverit, trahi adhuc diversas in terras, ubi per nomen agrorum uligines paludum vel inculta montium accipiant. enimvero militiam ipsam gravem, infructuosam 12; denis in diem3 assibus animam et corpus aestimari: hinc vestem arma tentoria, hinc saevitiam centurionum et vacationes munerum 15 redimi 28. TAC. Ann. I. 17.

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7

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(9.) TITUS AT JERUSALEM. Jerusalem at this period" was fortified 29 by three walls, in all those parts where it was not surrounded by abrupt and impassable ravines; there it had but one. The whole circuit of these walls was' guarded" with towers, built of the same solid masonry with the rest 13 of the 5 walls. They were thirty-five feet broad, and thirty-five high; but above this height, were lofty chambers, and above those again upper rooms, and large tanks to receive the rain-water. The fortress Antonia stood 28 alone, on a precipitous rock near ninety feet high, at the north-west corner of the temple. It 10 was likewise a work of Herod. High above the whole city rose the Temple, uniting the commanding" strength of a citadel with the splendour of a sacred 1 edifice. Looking down2 upon its marble courts, and on the Temple itself, it was impossible, even for a Roman, not to be struck 28 with wonder, or 15 even for a Stoic, like Titus, not to betray his emotion. Yet this was the city, which in a few months was to lie a heap of undistinguished ruins; and the solid Temple itself, which seemed built for eternity", not "to have one stone left upon another." Surveying all this, Titus, escorted by a strong 20 guard" of horse, rode slowly round the city; but if thoughts" of mercy occasionally entered into a heart, the natural humanity of which seems to have been steeled during the whole course of the siege, the Jews were sure' to expel them again, by some new indication12 of their obstinate ferocity.

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28

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MILMAN.

66 were

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(10.) But no sooner was the resolution 12 of the two captains made known, than a feeling" of discontent broke forth among their followers, especially those who were to remain with Pizarro on the island. "What!43" they exclaimed13, they to be dragged to that obscure 18 spot" to die" by hunger? 5 The whole expedition had been a cheat and a failure, from beginning to end. The golden countries, so much 35 vaunted, had seemed to fly before them as they advanced 25; and the little gold they had been fortunate enough to glean 33 had all been sent back to Panama to entice other fools to follow their 10 example. What had they got in return for all their sufferings? The only treasures they could boasts were their bows and arrows, and they were now to be left to die on this dreary island, without 50 so much as a rood of consecrated grounds to lay their bones 45 in 50 !" PRESCOTT'S Peru.

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11. Tunc contractos in principia iussosque dicta cum silentio accipere temporis ac necessitatis monet11. unam in armis salutem, sed ea consilio temperanda manendumque intra vallum, donec expugnandi hostes spe propius succederent; mox 5 undique erumpendum": illa eruptione ad Rhenum perveniri. quod si fugerent, pluris silvas3, profundas magis paludes, saevitiam hostium superesse; at victoribus decus gloriam. quae domi cara", quae in castris honesta, memorat; reticuit de adversis. equos dehinc, orsus a suis, legatorum tribunorumque Io nulla ambitione fortissimo cuique bellatori tradit, ut hi, mox pedes in hostem invaderent. Haud minus inquies' Germanus spe, cupidine et diversis ducum sententiis agebat 29, Arminio sinerent13 egredi egressos que rursum per umida et impedita circumvenirent suadente, atrociora11 Inguiomero et laeta barbaris, 15 ut vallum armis ambirent: promptam expugnationem, plures captivos, incorruptam praedam fore13. igitur orta die proruunt fossas, iniciunt crates, summa valli prensant, raro et quasi ob metum defixo.

48

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super milite TAC. Ann. I. 67.

12. At imperitae multitudini nunc indignatio", nunc pudor pectora versare11 et ab intestinis avertere" malis: nolle11 inultos hostes, nolle successum non patribus, non consulibus; externa et domestica odia certare" in animis. Tandem superant ex5 terna; adeo superbe 12 insolenterque hostis eludebat 29. Frequentes in praetorium conveniunt"; poscunt pugnam, postulant, ut signum" detur. Consules velut deliberabundi capita conferunt, diu colloquuntur. Pugnare cupiebant, sed retro revocanda et abdenda cupiditas erat, ut adversando remorandoque 10 incitato semel militi adderent impetum. Redditur responsum, immaturam rem" agi; nondum tempus" pugnae esse; castris se tenerent13. Ita dimissis, quo minus consules velle credunt, crescit ardor pugnandi. Accendunt insuper hostes ferocius multo, ut statuisse non pugnare consules cognitum est: quippe 15 impune se insultaturos*3; non credi militi arma; rem" ad ultimum seditionis erupturam, finemque venisse Romano imperio. His freti occursant portis, ingerunt probra; aegre abstinent, quin castra oppugnent. Enimvero non ultra contumeliam pati Romanus posse"; totis castris undique ad consules curritur ; 20 non iam sensim, ut ante, per centurionum principes postulant12, sed passim omnes clamoribus agunt".

28

LIVY, II. 45.