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(11.) He then summoned11 a council of his officers to consider the plan of operations", or rather to propose to them the extraordinary 18 plan on which he had himself decided. This was to lay an ambuscade for the Inca, and take him prisoner in the face of his whole army! It was a project full of 5 peril, bordering 5, as it might well seem, on desperation. But the circumstances" of the Spaniards were desperate'. Whichever way they turned, they were menaced' by the most appalling dangers; and better was it bravely to confront the danger, than weakly to shrink from it, when there was no 10 avenue11 for escape.

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To fly was now too late. Whither could they fly? At the first signal of retreat, the whole army of the Inca would be upon them. Their movements would be anticipated by a foe far better acquainted with the intricacies of the sierra than 15 themselves; the passes would be occupied, and they would be hemmed in on all sides; while the mere fact of this retrograde movement12 would diminish the confidence, and with it the effective" strength of his own men, while it doubled that 16 of his enemy. PRESCOTT'S Peru.

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(12.) As soon as this was known, the disappointed 18 adventurers 18 exclaimed11 and threatened; the emissaries 12 of Cortes, mingling with them, inflamed their rage; the ferment1a became general; the whole camp was almost in open mutiny; all demanding with eagerness to see their commander. Cortes 5 was not slow in appearing; when', with one voice, officers and soldiers expressed their astonishment and disappointment at the orders 12 which they had received. It was unworthy, they cried13, of the Castilian courage18 to be daunted at the first aspect of danger, and infamous to fly before any enemy appeared1. 10 For their parts", they were determined not to relinquish an enterprise", that had hitherto been successful, and which tended so visibly to advance the glory and interest of their country. Happy20 under his command13, they would follow him with alacrity through every danger, in quest1 of those settlements 15 and treasures which he had so long held out to their view12; but, if he chose rather to return to Cuba, and tamely give up all his hopes of distinction and opulence to an envious rival18, they would instantly choose another general to conduct them in that path of glory, which he had not spirit to enter13.

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13. (a) TYRE. Urbem a continenti quattuor stadiorum fretum dividit: Africo 34 maxime obiectum crebros ex alto fluctus in litus evolvit. Nec accipiendo operi, quo Macedones continenti insulam iungere parabant, quicquam magis quam ille 5 ventus obstabat1. Quippe vix leni et tranquillo mari moles agi 28 possunt: Africus vero prima quaeque" congesta, pulsu illiso mari, subruit, nec ulla tam firma moles est, quam non exedant undae, et per nexus operum manantes et, ubi acrior flatus extitit, summi operis fastigio superfusae 25. Praeter hanc diffiTo cultatem haud minor alia erat: muros turresque urbis praealtum mare ambiebat: non tormenta nisi e navibus procul excussa mitti, non scalae moenibus applicari poterant: praeceps in salum murus pedestre interceperat iter; naves nec habebat 29 rex et, si admovisset, pendentes et instabiles missilibus arceri 15 poterant. urbem tamen obsidere statuit; sed ante jacienda moles erat quae continenti urbem committeret.

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(b) Iamque paulum moles aqua eminebat, et simul aggeris latitudo crescebat, urbique admovebatur: quum** Tyrii, magnitudine molis, cuius incrementum eos antea fefellerat, 20 conspecta, levibus navigiis nondum commissum opus circumire coeperunt, missilibus quoque eos, qui pro opere stabant in

cessere.

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Inter haec Tyrii navem magnitudine eximia, saxis arenaque a puppi oneratam, ita ut multum prora emineret, bitumine ac 25 sulphure illitam remis concitaverunt, et quum magnam vim venti vela quoque concepissent, celeriter ad molem successit : tum prora eius accensa, remiges desiluere in scaphas, quae ad hoc ipsum praeparatae sequebantur. Navis autem, igne concepto, latius fundere incendium coepit, quod, priusquam posset 30 occurri, turres et cetera opera in capite molis posita comprehendit. At qui desiluerant in parva navigia, faces et quicquid alendo igni aptum erat in eadem opera ingerunt. Iamque non modo Macedonum turres, sed etiam summa tabulata conceperant ignem: quum hi, qui in turribus erant, partim haurirentur 35 incendio, partim, armis omissis 25, in mare semet ipsi immitterent. Nec incendio solum opera consumpta, sed forte eodem die vehementior ventus totum ex profundo mare illisit in molem, crebrisque fluctibus compages operis verberatae se laxavere, saxaque interfluens unda medium opus rupit. Prorutis igitur 40 lapidum cumulis, quibus iniecta" terra sustinebatur, praeceps in profundum ruit, tantae" que molis vix ulla vestigia invenit Arabia rediens 25 Alexander. CURTIUS, IV. 3.

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(13.) a. Tyre was situated on an islet nearly half a mile from the mainland; the channel between the two being shallow towards the land, but reaching a depth of eighteen feet in the part adjoining the city. The islet was completely surrounded by prodigious walls, the loftiest portion 13 of which, 5 on the side fronting the mainland, reached a height not less than 150 feet, with corresponding solidity" and base. Besides these external fortifications, there was a brave1 and numerous population" within, aided by a good stock of arms, machines, ships, provisions, and other things essential to defence.

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It was not without reason, therefore, that the Tyrians, when driven to their last resource, entertained" hopes of holding out even against the formidable arm" of Alexander; and against Alexander as he then stood, they might have held out successfully; for he had as yet no fleet, and they could 15 defy any attack made simply from land.

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b. Alexander began the siege of Tyre without 48 any fleet the Sidonian and Aradian ships not having yet come*. It was his first task11 to construct a solid mole two hundred feet broad, reaching across the half mile1 of channel between the main- 20 land and the islet. But the work, though prosecuted with ardour and perseverance 36, was tedious and toilsome, even near the mainland, where the Tyrians could do little to impede it16; and became far more tedious as it advanced into the sea, so as to be exposed to their obstruction 13, as well as to damage from 25 winds and waves. The Tyrian triremes and small boats perpetually annoyed" the workmen, and destroyed parts of the work, in spite of all the protection devised by the Macedonians, who planted two towers in front of their advancing 25 mole, and discharged projectiles from engines provided for the purpose". At length, by unremitting efforts the mole was pushed forward 28 until it came nearly across the channel to the city-wall; when suddenly, on a day of strong wind, the Tyrians sent forth a fireship loaded with combustibles, which they drove against the front of the mole and set fire to the two towers. At the same time, the full naval force" of the city, ships and little boats, was sent forth to land men at once on all parts of the mole. So successful' was this attack", that all the Macedonian engines were burnt, the outer wood-work which kept the mole together was torn up in many places, and a large part of the structure11 came to pieces.

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dant.

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14. Quod ubi egressus Scipio in tumulum, quem Mercurii vocant, animadvertit 25, multis partibus nudata defensoribus moenia esse, omnes e castris excitos ire ad oppugnandum12 et ferre scalas iubet11. Ipse trium prae se iuvenum validorum 5 scutis oppositis 25 (ingens enim iam vis omnis generis telorum e muris volabat") ad urbem succedit; hortatur, imperat, quae in rem sunt, quod que plurimum ad accendendos militum animos intererat, testis spectatorque virtutis atque ignaviae cuiusque adest 28. Itaque in vulnera" ac tela ruunt; neque illos' muri 10 neque superstantes armati arcere queunt, quin certatim adscenEt ab navibus" eodem tempore ea' , quae mari alluitur, pars urbis oppugnari coepta est. Inter haec repleverat iam Poenus armatis muros, et vis magna ex ingenti copia congesta telorum suppeditabat; sed neque viri nec tela nec quicquam 15 aliud aeque quam moenia ipsa sese defendebant. Rarae enim scalae altitudini aequari poterant, et quo quaeque altiores, eo infirmiores erant. Itaque quum summus quisque evadere non posset 30, subirent tamen alii, onere ipso frangebantur”. Quidam, stantibus scalis, quum altitudo caliginem oculis offudisset, 20 terram delati sunt. Et quum passim homines scalaeque ruerent, et ipso successu audacia atque alacritas hostium cresceret, signum receptui datum est. LIVY, xxvi. 44.

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15. BATTLE OF THRASYMENUS.-Consul, perculsis1 omnibus18, ipse satis, ut in re" trepida, impavidus turbatos ordines, vertente se quoque ad dissonos clamores, instruit, ut tempus locusque patitur, et quacunque adire audirique potest, adhortatur ac stare 5 ac pugnare iubet: nec enim inde votis aut imploratione deum, sed vi ac virtute evadendum esse; per medias acies ferro viam fieri, et, quo timoris minus sit, eo minus ferme periculi esse**. Ceterum prae1 strepitu ac tumultu nec consilium nec imperium accipi poterat, tantumque aberat, ut sua signa atque 10 ordines et locum noscerent 33, ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnae competeret animus. Et erat in tanta caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum1. Ad gemitus vulnerum ictusque corporum aut armorum et mixtos strepentium 25 paventiumque clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Alii fugi15 entes pugnantium globo illati haerebant"; alios redeuntes in pugnam avertebat' fugientium agmen. Deinde, ubi in omnes partes nequicquam impetus capti, apparuitque, nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis spem esse, tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam, et nova de integro 20 exorta pugna est. Ib. XXII. 5.

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(14.) In the midst of these untoward1 dissensions, Wentworth, with the advice" of a council of officers, attempted to storm Fort San Lazaro. Twelve hundred men, headed by General Guise, cheerfully marched to the attack. There was

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no breach in the wall: the signal for the night attack (for such 5 had been designed) was protracted till nearly broad day; and the deserters who undertook to act as guides were afterwards found 23, either through ignorance or ill intention, to have led them to the very strongest part of the fortification ". Nay more, on reaching 33 the works, it was discovered, that from the 10 neglect of the officers, the scaling-ladders were partly too short, and partly left behind. Yet in spite of all these shameful" disadvantages", the soldiers fought with stubborn 12 intrepidity; whole ranks were mowed down by the enemy's cannon without dispiriting the rest; and one party had actually** 15 attained3* the summit" of a rampart, when their leader, Colonel Grant, received a death-wound, and the men a repulse1. Still, however, the survivors remained 29 undaunted under the murderous 13 fire" of the fort, until half their number had fallen, and until their officers, perceiving25 valour to be useless 92, and 20` success impossible, sullenly gave the signal to withdraw.

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(15.) BATTLE OF NIEUPORT, A. D. 1602. of the retreating and pursuing hosts swept by the spot where Maurice sat on horseback, watching 25 and directing the battle. His bravest and best general, the veteran 18 Vere, had fallen; the whole army, the only army, of the States was 5 defeated, broken, panic-struck; the Spanish 18 shouts of victory rang on every side. Plainly the day 15 was lost, and with it the republic. In the 24 blackest 18 hour that the Netherland commonwealth had ever known, the fortitude of the stadtholder did not desert him1. Immoveable as3 a rock in the torrent he stemmed11 10 the flight 13 of his troops. Three squadrons of reserved 18 cavalry, Balen's own, Vere's own, and Cecil's, were all that was left him, and at the head of these he essayed an advance1. He seemed the only man on the field" not frightened; and menacing, conjuring, persuading the fugitives for the love of 15 fatherland, of himself and his house, of their own honour, not to disgrace themselves, urging that all was not yet lost, and beseeching them rather to die like men on the field" than to drown like dogs 15 in the sea, he succeeded" in rallying a portion of those nearest him, MOTLEY. 20

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