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1. CINCINNATUS. Postero die dictator cum magistro equitum in concionem venit, justitium edicit, claudi tabernas tota urbe jubet, vetat quemquam privatae quicquam rei agere; tum, quicunque aetate militari essent, armati cum cibariis in dies 5 quinque coctis vallisque duodenis ante solis occasum [Martio] in campo adessent13; quibus aetas ad militandum gravior esset, vicino militi, dum is arma pararet vallumque peteret 30, 30 cibaria coquere jussit. Sic juventus discurrit ad vallum petendum. Sumpsere, unde cuique proximum fuit; prohibitus nemo est; 10 impigreque omnes ad edictum dictatoris praesto fuere. Inde composito agmine legiones ipse dictator, magister equitum suos equites ducit. Media nocte in Algidum perveniunt et, ut sensere, se jam prope hostes esse, signa constituunt 13. Ibi dictator, quantum nocte prospici poterat, equo circumvectus 15 contemplatusque, quis tractus castrorum quaeque forma esset, tribunis militum imperavit, ut sarcinas in unum coniici jubeant, militem cum armis valloque redire in ordines suos. Facta, quae imperavit. Tum, quo fuerant ordine in via, exercitum omnem longo agmine circumdat hostium castris et, 20 ubi 33 signum datum sit 30, clamorem omnes tollere jubet ; clamore sublato, ante se quemque ducere fossam et jacere vallum. Edito imperio, signum secutum est. Jussa miles exsequitur; clamor hostes" circumsonat. Superat inde castra hostium et in castra consulis venit; alibi pavorem, alibi gaudium ingens 25 facit 25. Romani, civilem esse clamorem atque auxilium adesse13, inter se gratulantes", ultro 28 ex stationibus ac vigiliis territant hostem.

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LIVY.

2. ARMINIUS. Nox per diversa" inquies, cum' 25 barbari festis epulis, laeto cantu aut truci sonore subjecta vallium ac resultantis saltus complerent, apud Romanos 3 invalidi ignes, interruptae voces atque ipsi passim adjacerent vallo, oberrarent tentoriis, 5 insomnes magis quam pervigiles. coepta luce missae in latera legiones, metu an contumacia, locum deseruere, capto 25 propere campo umentia ultra. neque tamen Arminius quamquam

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libero incursu statim prorupit: sed ut haesere caeno fossisque impedimenta, turbati circum milites, incertus signorum ordo, 10 utque tali in tempore sibi quisque properus et lentae adversum imperia aures, inrumpere12 Germanos jubet, clamitans 'en Varus eodemque iterum fato vinctae legiones!' simul haec et cum delectis scindit agmen equisque maxime vulnera ingerit. illi sanguine suo et lubrico paludum lapsantes excussis 25 recto

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(1.) STORY OF CINCINNATUS. Then the Master of the people and the Master of the horse went together into the forum, and bade every man to shut up his booth, and stopped all causes at law, and ordered that every man who was3° of an age to go out to battle should be ready in the Field of Mars 5 before sunset, and should have with him victuals for five days, and twelve stakes; and the older men dressed the victuals for the soldiers, whilst the soldiers went about everywhere to get their stakes; and they cut them where they would", without 32 any hindrance1. So the army 10 was ready in the Field of 10 Mars at the time appointed, and they set forth from the city, and made such haste, that ere the night was half spent 28 they came to Algidus; and when they perceived that they were near the enemy, they made a halt. Then Lucius rode on, and saw how the camp of the enemy lay; and he ordered his 15 soldiers to throw down all their baggage into one place, but to keep each man his arms and his twelve stakes. Then they set out again in their order of march as they had come from Rome, and they spread themselves round the camp of the enemy on every side. When this was done, upon a signal 20 given they raised a great shout, and directly every man began' to dig a ditch just where he stood, and to set in his stakes. The shout rang through the camp of the enemy, and filled them with fear; and it sounded even to the camp of the Romans who were shut up in the valley, and the consul's men 25 said one to another, "Rescue is surely at hand, for that is the shout of the Romans"4" ARNOLD.

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(2.) DEFEAT OF VARUS. Fatigue and discouragement now began to betray 28 themselves in the Roman ranks". Their line became less steady; baggage-waggons were abandoned from the impossibility of forcing them along; and as this happened, many soldiers left their ranks and crowded round 5 the waggons to secure the most valuable portions of their property"; each busy about his own affairs", and purposely slow in hearing the word" of command from his officers. Arminius now gave the signal for a general 18 attack 12. The fierce shouts of the Germans pealed through the gloom 13 of the 10 forests, and in thronging multitudes they assailed the flanks of the invaders 10, pouring in clouds of darts on the encumbered legionaries, as they struggled up the glens or floundered 25 in the morasses. Arminius, with a chosen band of personal"

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15 ribus disicere obvios, proterere iacentes". plurimus circa aquilas labor", quae neque ferri adversum ingruentia tela neque figi limosa humo poterant. Caecina dum sustentat 33 aciem, suffosso equo' delapsus circumveniebatur, ni prima legio sese opposuisset. juvit hostium aviditas, omissa caede praedam sectantium*2; 20 enisaeque legiones vesperascente die in aperta et solida". neque is miseriarum finis. struendum vallum, petendus agger, amissa magna ex parte per quae" egeritur humus aut exciditur caespes; non tentoria manipulis, non' 48 fomenta sauciis; in

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fectos caeno aut cruore cibos dividentes funestas 13 tenebras et 25 tot hominum milibus unum iam reliquum diem lamentabantur”. TACITUS.

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3. Liberas aedes' conjurati (et omnes forte militabant) imminentes viae angustae, qua descendere ad forum rex solebat 36, sumpserunt. Ibi quum instructi armatique ceteri transitum expectantes starent, uni ex eis (Dinomeni fuit nomen), quia 5 custos corporis erat, partes datae sunt, ut, quum appropinquaret 30 ianuae rex, per causam aliquam in angustiis sustineret ab tergo agmen. Ita, ut convenerat, factum est. Tanquam" laxaret elatum pedem ab stricto nodo, moratus turbam Dinomenes tantum intervalli fecit, ut, quum in praetereuntem sine 10 armatis regem impetus fieret 25, confoderetur aliquot prius vulneribus, quam succurri posset. Fuga satellitum, ut iacentem videre regem, facta est; interfectores pars in forum ad multitudinem laetam libertate", pars Syracusas pergunt ad praeoccupanda Andranodori regiorumque aliorum consilia. 15 Ceterum praevenerat non fama solum qua nihil in talibus rebus est celerius, sed nuntius etiam ex 15 regiis servis. Itaque Andranodorus et Insulam et arcem et alia", quae poterat quaeque opportuna erant, praesidiis firmarat. Hexapylo Theodotus ac Sosis post solis occasum iam obscura luce invecti, 20 quum cruentam regiam vestem atque insigne capitis ostentarent, travecti25 per Tycham' simul ad libertatem, simul ad arma vocantes 25, in Achradinam convenire jubent. Multitudo pars procurrit in vias, pars in vestibulis stat, pars ex tectis fenestrisque prospectant et, quid rei sit, rogitant. Omnia" 25 luminibus collucent strepituque vario complentur. In Insula inter cetera Andranodorus praesidiis firmarat horrea publica. Locus saxo quadrato saeptus atque arcis in modum emunitus capitur ab iuventute" quae praesidio eius loci attributa erat; mittuntque nuntios in Achradinam, horrea frumentumque in 30 senatus potestate esse. LIVY, XXIV. 7, 21.

retainers round him, cheered on his countrymen by voice and 15 example. He and his men aimed their weapons particularly at the horses of the Roman cavalry 10. The wounded animals 10, slipping about in the mire and their own blood, threw their riders, and plunged among the ranks of the legions, disordering 25 all round' them.

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The bulk of the Roman army fought 29 steadily and stubbornly, frequently repelling" the masses of the assailants, but gradually losing the compactness of their array. At last, in a series of desperate attacks the column was pierced" through and through, two of the eagles captured, and the Roman host, 25 which on the yester morning 52 had marched forth in such35 pride and might, now broken up into confused fragments 12, either fell fighting beneath the overpowering numbers1 of the enemy, or perished in the swamps and woods in unavailing efforts 12 at flight. CREASY. 30

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(3.) INSURRECTION AT SYRACUSE. An empty house in this street had been occupied by the conspirators: when the king came opposite to it, one of their number, who was one of the king's guards, and close to his person", stopped just behind him, as if something had caught his foot; and whilst 5 he seemed trying to get free, he checked the advance13 of the following multitude, and left the king to go on a few steps unattended. At that moment the conspirators rushed out of the house and murdered him. So sudden was the act", that his guards could not save him: seeing 25 him dead, they were 10 seized with a panic and dispersed. The murderers hastened, some into the market-place of Leontini, to raise the cry of liberty there, and others to Syracuse, to anticipate the king's friends, and secure the city for themselves and the Romans. Their tidings however had flown before them; and Andrano- 15 dorus, the king's uncle, had already secured the island 13 of Ortygia, in which was the citadel. The assassins 10 arrived just at nightfall13, displaying the bloody robe of Hieronymus, and the diadem which they had torn from his head, and calling* the people to rise in the name of liberty. This call was 20 obeyed: all the city, except the island, was presently in their power; and in the island itself a strong building, which was used as a great corn magazine for the supply" of the whole city, was no sooner seized by those whom Andranodorus had sent to occupy it, than they offered to deliver it up to the 25 opposite party. ARNOLD.

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ARMINIUS. Flumen Visurgis Romanos Cheruscosque interfluebat". eius in ripa cum ceteris primoribus Arminius adstitit, quaesito que an Caesar venisset, postquam adesse responsum est, ut liceret13 cum fratre conloqui oravit. erat is " 5 in exercitu cognomento Flavus, insignis fide et amisso13 per vulnus oculo paucis ante annis duce Tiberio. tum permissu progressusque salutatur ab Arminio; qui amotis stipatoribus, ut sagittarii nostra pro ripa dispositi abscederent postulat11, et postquam digressi, unde ea deformitas oris interrogat fratrem. 10 illo locum et proelium referente, quodnam praemium recepisset exquirit. Flavus aucta 13 stipendia, torquem et coronam aliaque militaria dona memorat, inridente" Arminio vilia servitii pretia. Exim diversi ordiuntur, hic magnitudinem Romanam, opes Caesaris et victis graves poenas, in deditionem venienti para15 tam clementiam; neque conjugem et filium eius hostiliter haberi 3; ille fas" patriae, libertatem avitam, penetralis Germaniae deos, matrem 13 precum sociam; ne propinquorum et adfinium denique gentis suae desertor et proditor quam imperator esse mallet. paulatim inde ad iurgia prolapsi quo 20 minus pugnam consererent ne flumine quidem interiecto13 cohibebantur, ni Stertinius adcurrens plenum irae armaque et equum poscentem' Flavum adtinuisset. cernebatur contra minitabundus Arminius proeliumque denuntians"; nam pleraque Latino sermone interiaciebat, ut qui Romanis in castris ductor 25 popularium meruisset.

TACITUS.

5. ARCHIMEDES. Achradinae murum, qui, ut ante dictum est, mari alluitur, sexaginta quinqueremibus Marcellus oppugnabat. Ex ceteris navibus sagittarii funditoresque, vix quemquam sine vulnere consistere in muro patiebantur; hi, quia 5 spatio missilibus opus est, procul muro tenebant naves; iunctae aliae binae quinqueremes, demptis interioribus remis, ut latus lateri applicaretur, quum exteriore ordine remorum velut una navis agerentur, turres contabulatas machinamentaque alia quatiendis muris portabant. Adversus hunc navalem apparatum 10 Archimedes variae magnitudinis tormenta in muris disposuit. In eas, quae procul erant, naves saxa ingenti pondere emittebat; propiores levioribus eoque magis crebris petebat telis;