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22. (a) AGRICOLA. Credunt plerique militaribus ingeniis subtilitatem deesse, quia castrensis jurisdictio secura et obtusior ac plura manu13 agens calliditatem fori non exerceat1. Agricola naturali prudentia, quamvis inter togatos, facile justeque agebat. 5 jam vero tempora curarum remissionumque divisa: ubi conventus ac judicia poscerent, gravis13, intentus, severus, set saepius misericors: ubi officio11 satis factum, nulla ultra potestatis persona: tristitiam et adrogantiam et avaritiam exuerat. nec illi, quod est rarissimum", aut facilitas auctoritatem aut severitas 10 amorem deminuit. integritatem atque abstinentiam in tanto viro referre injuria virtutum fuerit. ne famam quidem, cui" saepe etiam boni indulgent, ostentanda12 virtute aut per artem quaesivit. Natus erat Gaio Caesare tertium consule idibus Iuniis excessit sexto et quinquagesimo anno, decumo kalendas 15 Septembris Collega Priscoque consulibus 13. quod si habitum quoque eius posteri noscere velint, decentior 29 quam sublimior fuit; nihil metus in voltu: gratia oris supererat. bonum virum facile crederes, magnum libenter, TAC. Agricola.

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(b) GALBA. Hunc16 exitum habuit Servius Galba, tribus et 20 septuaginta annis quinque principes prospera fortuna emensus et alieno imperio felicior1 quam suo. Vetus in familia nobilitas, magnae opes: ipsi1o medium ingenium, magis extra vitia quam cum virtutibus 18 Famae nec incuriosus 11 nec venditator: pecuniae alienae non adpetens, suae parcus, publicae avarus; 25 amicorum libertorumque, ubi in bonos incidisset, sine reprehensione patiens, si mali forent, usque ad culpam20 ignarus 13. Sed claritas natalium et metus temporum obtentui, ut quod segnitia erat, sapientia vocaretur. Dum vigebat12 aetas, militari laude" apud Germanias floruit. Pro consule Africam moderate, 30 senior citeriorem Hispaniam pari iustitia continuit, maior privato visus, dum privatus fuit 12, et omnium 48 consensu capax imperii, nisi imperasset12. TAC. Hist. I. 49.

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(c) CLAUDIUS. Auctoritas dignitasque formae non defuit vel stanti vel sedenti ac praecipue quiescenti; (nam et prolixo 35 nec exili corpore erat, et specie canitieque pulcra, opimis cervicibus) ceterum et ingredientem destituebant poplites minus firmi, et remisse quid vel serio agentem multa dehonestabant : risus indecens, linguae titubantia, caputque cum semper, tum in quantulocumque actu vel maxime tremulum. Saevum et 40 sanguinarium natura fuisse, magnis minimisque apparuit rebus. Sed nihil aeque quam timidus fuit. SUETONIUS.

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(22) WASHINGTON. His integrity was most pure, his justice the most inflexible I have ever known; no motives" of interest or consanguinity, of friendship or hatred, being able to bias his decision 12. He was, indeed, in every sense, a wise, a good, and a great man. His temper was naturally irritable 5 and high toned; but reflection and resolution had obtained a firm and habitual ascendancy1 over it. If ever", however, it broke its bounds, he was most tremendous in his wrath. In his expenses he was honourable, but exact; liberal in contributions to whatever promised 28 utility12; but frowning" 10 and unyielding on all visionary projects". His heart was not warm in its affections"; but he exactly calculated 29 every man's value 12, 12 and gave him a solid esteem1 proportioned to it. His

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person", you know, was fine; his deportment easy, erect, and noble. Although in the circle" of his friends, where he might 15 be unreserved with safety, he took" a free share in conversation, his colloquial" talents were not above mediocrity 12. In public, when called on for a sudden 18 opinion, he was unready, short, and embarrassed. Yet he wrote readily, rather diffusely, in an easy and correct style.

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On the whole, his character11 was, in its mass, perfect, in nothing bad, in a few points" indifferent, JEFFERSON.

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LOUIS NAPOLEON. He had boldness of the kind 16 which is produced' by reflection rather than that which is the result of temperament". In order to cope with the extraordinary 18 25 perils into which he now and then thrust himself, and to cope with them decorously, there was wanted a15 fiery quality" which nature had refused to the great bulk of mankind as well as3* to him. But it was only in emergencies" of a really trying 1 sort, and involving instant physical1 danger, that his boldness fell short. 30

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He loved to contrive and brood over plots, and he had a great skill in making the preparatory arrangements11 for bringing his schemes to ripeness1; but like most of the common herd11 of men, he was unable to command 28 the presence11 of mind and the flush" of animal spirits which are needed for the critical 35 moments of a daring adventure13. In short, he was a thoughtful, literary man, deliberately tasking himself to venture into a desperate path, and going great lengths" in that direction"; but liable to find himself balked' in the moment11 of trial by the sudden and chilling return" of his good" sense.

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KINGLAKE.

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23. α. Bellum scripturus sum, quod populus Romanus cum Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit: primum, quia magnum et atrox1, variaque victoria fuit: dein, quia tum primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam' itum est; quae contentio divina et 5 humana cuncta permiscuit, eoque vecordiae processit, uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret. Sed, priusquam hujuscemodi rei" initium expedio, pauca supra repetam 12; quo, ad cognoscendum12, omnia illustria magis, magisque in aperto sint. SALLUST, Jug. V.

b. Initium mihi operis Servius Galba iterum Titus Vinius consules 13 erunt: nam post conditam urbem octingentos et viginti prioris ævi2 annos multi auctores rettulerunt?..

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Opus adgredior opimum casibus, atrox proeliis, discors seditionibus, ipsa etiam pace saevom 28. Quattuor principes ferro 15 interempti: trina bella civilia, plura externa ac plerumque permixta prosperae in oriente, adversae in occidente res: turbatum Illyricum, Galliae nutantes, perdomita Brittania et statim missa 13. Iam vero Italia novis cladibus vel post longam saeculorum seriem repetitis adflicta. Haustae aut obrutae 20 urbes fecundissima Campaniae ora, et urbs incendiis vastata, consumptis12 antiquissimis delubris, ipso Capitolio civium manibus incenso 12. Pollutae caerimoniae, magna adulteria: plenum exiliis mare, infecti caedibus scopuli.

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Non tamen adeo virtutum sterile saeculum, ut non et bona 25 exempla prodiderit. Comitatae profugos liberos matres, secutae maritos in exilia coniuges, propinqui audentes, constantes generi, contumax etiam adversus tormenta servorum fides; supremae clarorum virorum necessitates, ipsa necessitas fortiter tolerata et laudatis antiquorum mortibus par exitus. Praeter 30 multiplices rerum humanarum casus caelo terraque prodigia et fulminum monitus et futurorum praesagia, laeta tristia, ambigua manifesta; nec enim umquam atrocioribus populi Romani cladibus magisve iustis indiciis adprobatum est non esse curae deis securitatem nostram, esse ultionem.

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Ceterum antequam destinata componam 33, repetendum12 videtur, qualis status urbis, quae mens exercituum, quis habitus provinciarum, quid in toto terrarum orbe validum", quid aegrum fuerit, ut non modo casus eventusque rerum, qui plerumque fortuiti sunt, sed ratio etiam causaeque noscantur.

TAC. Hist. 1. 1.

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(23). a. Je me propose d'écrire l'histoire1a d'une révolution mémorable, qui a profondément agité les hommes, et qui les divise encore aujourd'hui. Je ne me dissimule pas les difficultés de l'entreprise, car des passions que l'on croyait étouffées sous l'influence" du despotisme 13 militaire, viennent 5 de se réveiller. Tout à coup des hommes accablés d'ans et de travaux ont senti renaître en eux des ressentimens qui paraissaient apaisés, et nous les ont communiqués, à nous, leurs fils et leurs héritiers. Mais si nous avons à soutenir la même cause*, nous n'avons pas à defendre leur conduite, et nous pou- 10 vons séparer la liberté de ceux qui l'ont bien ou mal servie, tandis que nous avons l'avantage d'avoir3 entendu et observé ces vieillards, qui, tout pleins encore de leurs souvenirs, tout agités de leurs impressions, nous apprennent à les comprendre. THIERS. 15

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b. I purpose to write the history" of England 13 from the accession1 of King James the Second down to a time11 which is within the memory of men still living. I shall recount the errors which, in a few months, alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood 13 from the House of Stuart. I shall trace the course 20 of that revolution which terminated the long struggle between our sovereigns and their parliaments, and bound up together the rights of the people and the title of the reigning dynasty". I shall relate how from the auspicious union1s of order and freedom, sprang al prosperity of which the annals of human affairs had furnished no example; how our country, from a state" of ignominious vassalage, rapidly rose to the place12 of umpire among European powers"; how Scotland was at length united to England; how in America the British colonies became mightier and wealthier than the realms which Cortez and 30 Pizarro had added to the dominions of Charles V.; how in Asia British adventurers founded an empire not less splendid and more durable than that of Alexander. Nor will it be less my duty faithfully to record disasters11 mingled with triumphs, and great national crimes and follies far more humiliating than 35 any 18 disaster.

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The events which I propose to relate form only a single act of a great1 and eventful drama extending 20 through ages, and must be very imperfectly understood unless the plot of the preceding acts be27 well known. I shall therefore introduce 28 my narrative" by a slight1 sketch of the history of our country from the earliest times. MACAULAY.

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24. FIRE AT ROME. a. Interrupit hos sermones nocte 39 quae pridie Quinquatrus fuit, pluribus simul locis circa forum incendium ortum. Eodem tempore septem tabernae, quae postea quinque, et argentariae, quae nunc novae appellantur, 5 arsere1; comprehensa postea privata aedificia (neque enim tum basilicae erant), comprehensae lautumiae forumque piscatorium et atrium regium; aedes Vestae vix defensa est tredecim maxime servorum opera, qui in publicum" redempti ac manumissi sunt. Nocte ac die continuatum incendium fuit, nec ulli 10 dubium erat, humana id fraude factum esse, quod pluribus simul locis, et iis diversis, ignes coorti essent. Itaque consul ex auctoritate senatus pro contione edixit, qui, quorum opera id conflatum incendium esset, profiteretur, praemium fore libero20 pecuniam, servo libertatem. Eo praemio inductus Campanorum 15 Calaviorum servus (Manus ei nomen erat) indicavit12, dominos et quinque praeterea iuvenes nobiles Campanos, quorum parentes a Q. Fulvio securi percussi erant, id incendium fecisse, vulgoque facturos alia, ni comprehendantur. Comprehensi ipsi familiaeque eorum. Et primo elevabatur" index indiciumque: pridie 20 eum verberibus castigatum ab dominis discessisse; per iram ac levitatem11 ex re fortuita crimen commentum; ceterum ut coram coarguebantur" et quaestio ex ministris facinoris foro medio haberi coepta est 29, fassi omnes, atque in dominos servosque conscios animadversum1s est. Indici libertas data et viginti millia 25 aeris. LIVY, XXVI. 27.

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b. Sequitur clades', forte an dolo principis incertum (nam utrumque auctores prodidere?), sed omnibus quae huic urbi per violentiam ignium acciderunt gravior atque atrocior24. Initium in ea parte circi ortum quae Palatino Caelioque montibus 30 contigua est, ubi per tabernas, quibus 25 id 15 mercimonium inerat quo flamma alitur 18, simul coeptus ignis et statim validus 20 ac vento citus longitudinem circi corripuit. Neque enim domus munimentis saeptae vel templa muris cincta aut quid aliud morae interiacebat. Impetu pervagatum incendium plana primum, 35 deinde in edita adsurgens, et rursus inferiora populando", anteiit remedia velocitate mali et obnoxia13 urbe artis itineribus hucque et illuc flexis, atque enormibus vicis, qualis vetus Roma fuit. Ad hoc lamenta paventium feminarum, fessi aevo aut rudis pueritiae aetas, quique sibi quique aliis consulebant, dum trahunt 25 invalidos aut opperiuntur, pars mora, pars festinans13, cuncta impediebant. Et saepe, dum in tergum respectant, lateribus aut fronte circumveniebantur; vel si in proxima

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