Fut. subj.

Periphrastic future of Infinitive.

The Infinitive,

of surprise.

Epexegetic and final.

quam profectus sit. Cf. Madvig. 379, and see B. But it would be more correct to say that in such cases the perf. subj. is used loosely for the future. Cf. 41, 13; 43, 9. L. The simple future is periphrastic, amaturus sim: for the passive some periphrasis, as non dubium est quin futurum sit (or in eo futurus sim) ut amer, would have to be used, if the active cannot be used.

K.

This last periphrasis fore, futurum esse ut amem, amer, is often found for the future active and passive infinitive, especially where the simple future forms would be awkward or do not exist.

§ 31. a. The infinitive often replaces our present participle, vidi ruere, 'I saw it falling,' (or 'fall'); but vidi ruentem, 'I saw it while it was falling.'

Cf. 26, 11; 23; 36, 21; 38, 22.

So in our 'ceased (began) speaking,' suming,' &c.

'went on con

B. The infinitive of surprise ('To think that,' &c.) is found in Latin, generally with the enclitic ne; e.g. Te ne nescire! But we find also a direct interrogative with or without ne, and an ellipse of the verb; e.g. Ita ne Brutus ? Cf. 45, 2; (45) 7.

The accusative of exclamation, with adjectives and participles, is more common, and may sometimes be used instead. Cf. 36, 16; 38, 3; 54, 9.

7. The English (or Greek) epexegetic infinitive must be replaced by the supine or gerund, by ut or relative with subjunctive, or by some substantival periphrasis; 'to say the truth,' ut vera dicam; sometimes it may be made the main verb of the sentence. Cf. § 4 ß, 28 8, 'I shall be glad to come,' laetus veniam.

Cf. 28, 3; 30, 2; 47, 12; 49, 12, 18, 26; 50, 15.

The final infinitive is expressed by ut or qui with subj. or by the part in -rus. Cf. 8, 11, 13, &c.

$ 32. α. The Latin infinitive though substantival Verbals in , -ing, cannot be used with prepositions (as our verbal in 'ing,' or the Greek infinitive); the gerund may be, but with some only.

B. When you come to an expression like 'without doing,' you must settle by the context whether it is past, present, or future, consequence, mode, or condition, and translate accordingly, e.g. re infecta, nullo obstante, non coactus abiit; nihil facientem miserum est morari; nisi feceris; vix haec facies, ut non facias et illa; abiit neque fecit. Cf. 33, 17; 36, 16.

§ 33. Generally the English verbal in -ing may be Verbal in rendered:

i. In the nominative or accusative by the Latin infinitive or quod with indicative; e. g. quod abes (te abesse) tamdiu, mirum est, (or miror).

ii. In the other cases by the finite verb with ex (ob, &c.), eo (id) quod; e.g. ex eo quod abes, 'from your being away.'

iii. Or by the gerunds with and without prepositions; e.g. certus eundi; ad eundum paratus.

Or by the gerundive and noun, with or without prepositions; e. g. ex (de, &c.) re agenda.

V. Or by verbal clauses with quum, ubi, &c.; or participial clauses as above, § 32 ß; or by adverbs: e.g. inscienter without knowing.'

6

Cf. 6, 20; (14) 10; 15, 10; 29, 5, 30; 49, 9, 12, 33, 41.

'ing.'

§ 34. In its use of particles, connecting and others, Particles. Latin is more simple and realistic than English; and unnecessary particles must be omitted in translation, especially when used for emphasis, where position alone suffices in Latin.

Cf. §§ 4, 8, 17; 49, 26, 38; 53, 20; 56, 20.

'at once,' idem or et—et (et bonus et strenuus);

at all events,' 'at least,' 'in any case,' certe, omnino;

'positively,' 'actually,' quidem, or unexpressed; e. g. facere voluit et fecit (quidem);

'quite,' omnino, valde, plane;

'of course,' quidem, vero, sane; profecto.

'yes,' etiam, maxime, aio, sic, ita, immo (with or without vero);

'no,' non, minime, nego.

'not,' ne, of a purpose, non otherwise; minus (sin, quo, &c. minus).

Both English and Latin particles have widely different meanings according to position and the accents of the sentence, which must be carefully marked;

e.g. ‘still' = (i) nihilominus, tamen, (ii) adhuc, (iii)

usque;

'indeed'

=

(iii) ita ne?

(i) sane quam (dolui), (ii) sane, quidem (ev) answered by sed (de), &c. (iv) (minime) vero, (v) re vera;

'well' (i) bene, (ii) quid igitur?

(iii) at, atqui,

(iv) jam, jam vero, resumptive, (v) often left unexpressed.

connexion.

Unconnected sentences are not so frequent in Latin Particles of as in writers like Macaulay; jam, tum, inde, &c., often have to be introduced. But very often they are connected not by particles, but by some word brought emphatically forward which serves as a connecting idea; or by the relative. At other times quod, quod contra, quod si, quanquam, ergo, itaque, quare, proinde, autem, nempe, scilicet, porro, jam vero, quid? quid quod, &c., will be used.

In descriptive clauses, like 'It was now getting dark,' the 'now' will disappear or be replaced by tunc, as our descriptive here' is by ibi, illic, hence,' by inde. Adhuc, similarly, is used less frequently of the past time, though found in that sense occasionally, as also nunc tunc, &c.

Cf. (1) and (8); (10) 1; (11) 12; (25) 13, 22; and 15, 18; 25, 23; 26, 3, 19, 33; 45, 1-16; 46, 1-6.

&c.

§ 35. English writers use for effect 'such,' 'so,' 'so Intensive prefixes great,' oftener than is done in Latin. Translate by the such'' so', superlative, comparative, or simple positive; often also by adeo, tam, tantus, &c. (not sic or ita), sometimes by the relative; e.g. qua munditia homines! quae est tua bonitas. Yet we often find tantus where the 'so' would be dropped in English.

Cf. (7) 14; (26) 21; (36) 2; (37) 4, 5, 20; 37, 21; 44, 6; 49, 9; 51, 22.

'This' that', often prefixed similarly for effect in English-cf. (10) 5, 13-may often be omitted in trans

lation.

$36. a. Adverbs (or adverbial phrases, as ex oc- Adverbs. culto) in Latin are constantly used where we use substantives (especially of time and space), or adjectives, or verbs; e. g. diu, procul, inscienter; haud dubie aderit, 'he is sure to be there,' &c.

Epistolary idioms, §§ 37-39.

Epistolary phrases.

On the other hand they use verbs where we use adverbs, substantives, or adjectives, (cf. § 22); e. g. qua soles cura; ut erat miti ingenio; quae est tua facilitas; solet (videtur) ire, he usually (apparently) goes.'

Cf. 3, 2; 19, 31; (20) 29; 42, 2; 48, 16; 54, 6, 19.

§ 37. In letters the precision of Latin appears in the use of 'scribere' for our colloquial 'say' (quod scribis), litteras accipere; for 'hear;' and the constant insertion of such verbs where we omit them; e.g. 'In my last letter,' &c., 'In your note of the 24th inst,' in ea epistola, quam dederas, &c.

Where we quote from a letter without preface, they prefix scribis, &c.; and mention facts directly instead of alluding to them as we do.

Cf. 45, 6; 42, 1 and (42) 2; 44, 1 and (44) 2; 47, 12 and (47) 16, 21; 55, 1.

§ 38. Another instance of this precision is the use of the epistolary imperfect and pluperfect dabam, &c., which should be used (as in our phrases 'I am writing this,' 'I send this,' 'I have written so far,') where especial attention is called to the time of the letter-writing.

The perfect is similarly used where we use the present. Cf. 47, 2, 13; 54, 4, &c.

Cf. 37, 47; 41, 27—31; 44, 20; 47, 2, 3, 10, 18, 19; 49, 35; 56, 2. § 39. Some familiar and idiomatic terms, mainly from letters, are here given :-—

'Remember me,' &c., salutare, salutem dicere, dare, mittere;

'post,' 'postman,' tabellarius;

'to send, deliver, a letter,' dare, perferre, litteras; 'my dear Cicero,' mi Cicero;

'Cicero sends his love,' salvebis a Cicerone;

'write and give my love,' jubebis valere litteris;
let me know,' fac me certiorem;