STATISTICS. makers; Great Wigston and Earl Shilton about 280 each; Population.-Leicestershire is partly an agricultural and Fileby 200; Southfield, Burbage, Thurmastown, Kegpartly a manufacturing county. It ranks the 29th on the worth, Barwell, Anstey, Whitwick, Blaby, Mount Sorrel, list of agricultural counties, and in this respect retains nearly Oadby, contain from 180 to 130 each. After these in order the same position as it did in 1811 and 1821, when it was may be reckoned Countessthorpe, Cosby, Whitstone, Enthe 30th on the list. Of 49,812 males, of the age of 20 and derby, Narborough, Sapcote, Long Stratton, Syston, as upwards, living in this county in 1831, there were 15,343 containing above 100 each. Less than 100, but more than engaged in agricultural pursuits, 10,542 of whom were 50, in each of the towns of Desford, Belgrave, Woodhouse, labourers; 12,240 employed in manufactures, or in making Gilmorton, Thungston, Great Glenn, Quorndon, Stokemanufacturing machinery; and 3701 employed as labourers Golding, Lutterworth, Wykin, Smeeton, and Westerby. in labour not agricultural. Of those engaged in manufac- About 750 men are employed in lace-making, most of them tures 10,000 were employed in the manufacture of stockings. probably at Leicester, several at Melton Mowbray and The town of Leicester contained 3400 manufacturers, of Quorndon. Frame-smiths and makers of machinery are of whom probably 3000 were stocking-makers. Loughborough course frequent in all these places. In the county are contained 900, Hinckley 700, Sheepshead 500, stocking-mentioned about 40 weavers of linen and 40 carpet-makers. The following Table is a Summary of the Population, &c., of every Hundred, &c., as taken in 1831. The expenditure for the same purpose in the year ending March, 1837, was 55,019. Assuming the population to have increased since 1831 in the same proportion as in the ten preceding years, the above sum gives an average of about 5s. 3d. for each inhabitant. All these averages, except the last, are above those for the whole of England and Wales, which for 1837 was 5s. 5d. for each inhabitant. The sums raised in Leicestershire for poor-rate, county-rate, and other local purposes, in the year ending 25th March, 1833, was 139,3037. 6s., and was levied upon the various descriptions of property as follows: On land Dwelling-houses Mills, factories, &c. £108,330 Manorial profits, navigation, &c. The amount expended was For the relief of the poor 38. 139,303 6 £114,881 16 4,912 6 22,842 12 In suits of law, removal of paupers, &c. For other purposes For the relief of the poor Total money expended £134,831 0 116,769 C 100,123 0 63.767 The saving effected in the whole sum expended in 1837, as compared with that expended in 1834, was therefore about 523 per cent.; and the saving effected, comparing the same periods of time, in the expenditure of the poor, was nearly 45 per cent. The number of turnpike trusts in Leicestershire, as ascertained in 1835, is 24; the number of miles of road under their charge is 445. The annual income and expenditure in 1835 were as follows: Revenue received from tolls Parish composition in lieu of statute Estimated value of statute formed Revenue from fines £23,876 6 0 2,133 2 0 duty per 2,627 3 0 12 0 134 19 0 400 0 0 Total income 29,172 2 0 £. S. d. 7,508 18 0 1,095 6 Improvements Debts paid off Incidental expenses Estimated value of statute duty per formed Total expenditure Debt, payment of, principal and interest 5,441 066 6 6 2,022 The number of persons charged with criminal offences in the three septennial periods ending with 1820, 1827, and 1834, were 944, 1273, and 1667 respectively; making an average of 135 annually in the first period, of 182 in the second period, and of 238 in the third period. The number of persons tried at quarter-sessions in each of the years 1831, 1832, and 1833, in respect of whom any costs were paid out of the county-rate, was 65, 93, and 93 respectively. Education. The following summary is taken from the Parliamentary Returns on Education made in the session ages from 2 to 7 years: Males Females Daily schools. Schools Among the persons so charged with offences there were Total of children under daily in 749 689 1,296 2,734 557 8,417 5,539 2,577 16,533 673 At the assizes and sessions in 1837 there were 432 per sons charged with criminal offences in this county. Of these 31 were charged with offences against the person, 20 of which were for common assaults; 29 persons were charged with offences against property committed with violence, 314 with offences against property committed without violence; 7 for malicious offences against property; 4 for uttering counterfeit coin; 5 for poaching; 6 for taking and destroying fish in enclosed waters; and 36 for riot, &c. Of the whole number committed, 328 were convicted, 71 were acquitted, and against 33 there was no bill found, or there was no prosecution. Of the whole number of persons convicted, 17 were sentenced to death, but none were executed; their sentences being commuted to transportation for various periods; 10 were sentenced to transportation for life, and 44 for various periods; 11 were sentenced to imprisonment for 2 years, or not less than 1 year; 24 for 1 year or not less than six months, and 198 for 6 months or under; 24 were whipped, fined, or discharged upon sureties. Of the whole number of offenders, 375 were males and 57 were females; 113 could neither read nor write; 211 could read and write imperfectly; 105 could read and write well; and the degree of instruction of the remaining 3 could not be ascertained. The number of persons qualified to vote for the county members of Leicestershire is 8879, being about 1 in 22 of the whole population, and about 1 in 5 of the male population twenty years of age and upwards, as taken in 1831. The expenses of the last election of county members to parliament were, to the inhabitants of the county, 2291. 58. 4d., and were paid out of the general county rate. This county contains 5 savings banks; the number of depositors and amount of deposits on the 20th of November, in each of the following years, were as under: If we assume that the population between the ages of 2 and 15 has increased since 1831 in the same proportion as the whole population has increased during the ten years prebetween the ages of two and fifteen residing in Leicesterceding that period, we find that the number of children returned from various places where no other school exists, shire in 1834 was 50,467. Twenty-nine Sunday-schools are and the children, 1269 in number, who are instructed therein cannot be supposed to attend any other school. At all other places Sunday-school children have an opportunity of resorting to other schools also; but in what number, or in what proportion duplicate entry of the same children is thus produced, must remain uncertain. Thirty-one schools, containing 1805 children, which are both daily and Sunday schools, are returned from various places, and duplicate entry is therefore known to have been thus far created. Allowing for this duplicate entry it may perhaps approximate to the truth to state that not more than two-thirds of the population between the ages of two and fifteen were receiving instruction in this county at the period this return was made. The schools established since 1818 are- Scholars 283 14,926 Scholars. 347, containing 10,834 21,100 217 Eighteen boarding-schools are included in the number of daily schools given above. No school in the county of Leicester appears to be confined to the children of parents LEIGHLIN, a bishop's see in the archiepiscopal pro- The founder of this diocese was St. Laserian, who supported the Roman mode of celebrating Easter at the Synod of Whitefield, or Leighlin, A.D. 630. Prior to that time the church of Leighlin had been ruled by an abbot. It is said, that during Laserian's time he had 1500 monks under his government in this abbey. The names of his successors down to the period of the arrival of the English are not known. The first Protestant bishop was Robert Travers, advanced to the see A.D. 1550, and deprived, on the accession of Queen Mary, soon after. Thomas Field, a Franciscan friar, who in 1567 was sucHe was succeeded by ceeded by Daniel Cavanagh, the second bishop of the Reformed faith. The bishoprics of Leighlin and Ferns became united A.D. 1600, in the person of Dr. Robert Grave, which union still subsists. The lands of the see comprise 12,924 statute acres, producing an annual average income of 26671. 7s. 6d. The cathedral is the parish church of Leighlin-Bridge. According to the provisions of the 3rd and 4th William IV., c. 37, the see of Ossory, on its falling vacant, becomes united with the united sees of Ferns and Leighlin. (Beaufort's Memoir of a Map of Ireland; Harris's Ware's Bishops of Ireland; Parliamentary Returns, &c.) LEIGHTON, ROBERT, D.D., archbishop of Glasgow; a divine whose sermons and other tracts are held by many persons in great esteem, but who has secured for himself a reputation by having acted in a manner the most opposite to that by which reputation is most commonly secured. In times of excitement he was the steady advocate of peace and forbearance. One story of him so completely illustrates his character, that, though it has been often told, we must repeat it. A question not unfrequently put to the Scottish clergy at their assemblies was, 'Whether they preached to the times?' When Leighton's turn came, his reply was, When all my brethren preach to the times, suffer me to preach about eternity.' The times spoken of are those of the Commonwealth, or a little before, when he had a church near Edinburgh; but he found that moderation would not be tolerated in a ninister, so that he retired into privacy, from whence however he was called to preside over the university of Edinburgh. When Charles II. resolved to make the attempt at introducing Episcopacy into Scotland, Dr. Leighton was nominated to the bishopric of Dumblane. His conduct was the reverse of that of Dr. Sharpe, who was ostentatious in the display of an ecclesiastical rank which was displeasing to a large portion of the Scotch nation. Leighton on the contrary conducted himself with that moderation which he had before manifested, so that he won the affections of even the most rigid Presbyterians. The bishops generally took a different course, and this induced Leighton to offer to resign his bishopric: but the views of the Court changing in respect of the attempt to bring the Scotch nation to accept an Episcopalian church, and it being intended to proceed more P. C., No. 839 in the way of persuasiveness and gentleness, he was induced to accept the archbishopric of Glasgow. Still he found it mind, and accordingly he resigned his archbishopric, and an affair of contention little suited to his habits or turn of retired to the county of Sussex in England, where he an account of his life, was published in 1808, 6 vols. 8vo. ended his days in 1684. The best edition of his works, with the hundred of Manshead and county of Bedford, is seated LEIGHTON BUZZARD, a parish and market-town in from Bedford, and 38 north-west from London, near the line on the right bank of the Ouse, 17 miles west-south-west of the London and Birmingham Railway. The streets are ill-paved and not lighted with gas, and the inhabitants consists in corn and timber; the market-day is Thursday, derive their chief supply of water from wells. The trade and the fairs are held in February, April, July, October, and December. The living, in the diocese of Lincoln, is a vicarage in the patronage of the prebendary of that see. Its net annual value is 1937. The burgh and parish, including Reach, and Standbridge, contained, in 1831, a population of the four chapelries of Billington, Egginton, Heath-and5149 persons, that of the burgh alone being 3330. Besides sexes, and supported by voluntary contributions, there are a Lancasterian school for the education of children of both several benevolent institutions and charitable foundations, port of the Commissioners on Charities. The principal of a particular account of which is given in the Twelfth Rethese are the almshouses, originally founded by Edward queathed by him and his successors, are appropriated to the Wilkes in 1630, which, together with certain revenues beuse, maintenance, and clothing of poor widows of the town of Leighton Buzzard, and the Pulford and Leigh charities for affording gratuitous instruction to poor children resident in the same town. (Parliamentary Papers, &c.) Lower Palatinate and the bishoprics of Spires and Worms, LEININGEN, formerly a county situated between the gives its name to one of the wealthiest of the mediatised German houses. The antient line of princes becoming extinct in 1220, Frederick of Hardenberg, son of Simon, count of Leiningen, succeeded to the territory by inheritcount of Saarbrück, and of Luccarde, daughter of the last ance, and assumed the title of count of Leiningen. The family was subsequently divided into several branches. The principal line obtained, in 1779, the dignity of princes of the empire: in 1803 it lost its possessions on the left bank of the Rhine, which had an area of 250 square miles, with 36,000 inhabitants, and produced a revenue of 168,000 florins, and obtained instead Amorbach, Miltenberg, and several other bailliwicks, the area of which is 520 square lages, and 171 other villages, producing a revenue of 568,000 miles, with 86,000 inhabitants, in 15 towns, 9 market vilningen. The principality was mediatised (as it was called) florins, which form together the present principality of Leiby the act of the Rhenish Confederation in 1806; and, according to the territorial arrangements made in 1810, 410 square miles are under Baden, 100 under Bavaria, and cipality is now about 107,000. The present Prince Charles, 10 under Hesse-Darmstadt. The population of the prinborn at Amorbach in 1804, succeeded his father in 1814, toria, a princess of Saxe-Coburg, sister to Leopold, king of under the guardianship of his mother, Maria Louisa Victhe Belgians; she is the widow of the late duke of Kent, and mother of Victoria, queen of the United Kingdom. The prince's residence is at Amorbach, in the Odenwalde, which has a population of about 3000 inhabitants. It has very handsome church with four towers and a remarkable some manufactures, a new palace, with fine gardens, and a branches of the house of Leiningen, two Protestant and organ. The religion is Protestant. There are four other two Roman Catholic; but all of them have much smaller possessions than the above principal branch. LEINSTER, a province of Ireland, supposed to be defrom 52° 6' to 54° 7' N. lat., and from 6° to 8° 3′ W. long., rived from the Irish laighen, signifying a spear. It extends including the eastern half of the central and south-eastern parts of Ireland. According to the map of Ireland published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge it comprises 4,356,868 statute acres, or 68074 square statute miles. greatest advantages in point of soil and surface, being little Of the four provinces of Ireland, Leinster possesses the superior facilities for internal communication. The naviencumbered with mountains, and having consequently VOL. XIII-3 G gable Shannon forms part of its western boundary, and the navigable Barrow intersects its central and southern counties. The Boyne also, the basin of which lies within its north-eastern limits, is partly navigable, and two canals traverse it from east to west. The coast is inferior in point of natural harbours to that of the remainder of the island, | but it is more sheltered from the prevalent winds.. Upon the coming of the English in 1170 the present province was divided into the two petty kingdoms of Meath and Leinster, and embraced also a part of the then kingdom of Ulster, in the present county of Louth. The first counties erected were those of Dublin, including the present county of Wicklow; Meath, including the present West Meath and Longford; Louth; Kildare, including the present King's and Queen's Counties; Carlow, Kilkenny, and Wexford. Meath was divided into Meath and West Meath in the reign of Henry VIII.; King's and Queen's Counties were separated from Kildare and erected into separate counties in that of Mary; Longford was made shire-ground in the time of Elizabeth; and Wicklow was finally separated from Dublin and made a county in the reign of James I. The antient kingdom of Leinster, including all the counties south of Meath, with the exception of Dublin, was inherited by the descendants of Eva, daughter of Dermod MacMurrogh, and wife of Earl Strongbow. Meath was bestowed on Hugh de Lacey, and descended to the families of De Verdon and Geneville. Almost all the inheritors having ultimately become absentees, the native Irish of Carlow, King's and Queen's Counties, and West Meath seized on their estates, and obliterated all traces of the English law from the western and some of the midland parts of the province; nor was it till the reign of Elizabeth that the whole was brought again under a regular government. The counties of Louth, Meath, Dublin, Kildare, and Wexford have not shaken off the English law or abjured English manners at any time since the Conquest. The population of Leinster in the last year gives 373 inhabitants to the square mile, being a more dense population than in the other provinces. LEIOCEPHALUS. [IGUANIDE. LEIO'LE PIS. [AGAMA, vol. i., p. 192; IGUANIDE.] LEI'OTHRIX, a genus of birds established by Mr. Swainson, with the following Generic Character.-Bill much compressed; Culmen gradually curved; Nostrils large, membranaceous; Tail moderate, deeply forked. Example.-Leiothrix furcatus, Pl. Col.,' 287, f.l: India. The genus belongs to Mr. Swainson's subfamily Leiotrichane (Silky Chatterers?), being the first of his family Ampelida Fruit-eaters or Chatterers. [LEIOTRICHANE.] LEIOTRICHA'NÆ, Sw. The subfamily alluded to under the title Leiothrix, and thus defined by Mr. Swain son: Legs large, robust, syndactyle. Hind-toe longer than the outer. Wings short and rounded. Bill strong; the gonys ascending. The only other genus besides Leiothrix placed in this subfamily by Mr. Swainson is Pteruthius, Sw., to which that author gives the following Generic Character.-Bill short, compressed, thick; the tip shrike-like, hooked; culmen arched; gonys ascending. Nostrils basal; the aperture round; gape wide; rictus slightly bristled. Wings very short, rounded. Tail short, broad, rounded; the tips obtuse. Tarsi smooth, pale. Example, Pteruthius erythropterus, Gould's Century of Himalaya Birds,' pl. 11, (Lanius erythropterus): India. LEIPZIG, or LEIPSIC, one of the four circles of the kingdom of Saxony, is bounded on the west and north by Prussia, on the east by the circle of Meissen, and on the south by that of the Erzgebirge, and the principality of SaxeAltenburg. Its area is 1326 square miles, and the population (according to the census of 1834) 361,251. The country is level, except in the south and south-east, where there are some offsets of the Erzgebirge. The soil is fertile and well cultivated; but the country is deficient in wood, which is procured from the Erzgebirge and the circle of Volgtland. There are no metals; but there are potters clay, limestone, marble, porphyry, and jasper. There is a very good generally improved breed of sheep, of which the circle is estimated to possess about 300,000. This is not one of the manufacturing circles of Saxony: there are however flourishing manufactures of woollens, cotton, and linen in all the thirty-eight towns; but in the villages, which are above 1000 in number, all hands, generally speaking, are required for agriculture. The climate is temperate and healthy. LEIPZIG, the capital of the circle, and the second city in the kingdom, is in 51° 20′ 16′′ N. lat. and in 12° 21' 45" E. long., in an extensive plain watered by the Pleisse, into which the White Elster, in several arms, the Parde, and the Luppe flow. The swamps that formerly existed in this plain having been filled and drained, it is now extremely fertile and healthy, and covered with flourishing villages. The town, including the four suburbs, is nearly a mile in length from north to south, parallel to the course of the Pleisse, and three-quarters of a mile in breadth. It contains about 1540 houses, of which 877 are within the walls, and 47,514 inhabitants (1837). It was formerly well fortified, but the ramparts have been converted into public walks, and partly laid out as gardens. The only remaining part of the fortifications is the castle, called the Pleissenburg, upon which the observatory now stands, Leipzig is by no means regularly built, and the streets are generally narrow, though well paved and lighted, but it contains many very handsome parts, numerous elegant publie buildings, private houses resembling palaces, and many seats, with fine gardens, in the suburbs. The most remarkable edifices are St. Thomas's Church; St. Nicholas, a venerable and magnificent building, adorned with paintings by Oeser; St. Paul's, or the University Church; St. John's, in which is the marble monument of Geilert; the theatre, the town-hall, built in 1599, the cloth-hall, the Pleissenburg, with the observatory, which is furnished with excellent instruments, and is in 51° 20' 19" N. lat. and 30° 1′ 32′′ E. long. of Ferro, and 10° 1' 45" E. of Paris. The great building called Auerbach's House is in the time of the fairs a kind of bazaar, where the finest and most costly articles are exposed for sale. There are numerous excellent schools and academies, and many literary and learned societies such as Prince Jablonowsky's Society for the cultivation of science, the Societies of Natural History and Mineralogy, that for the National Language and Antiquities, a deaf and dumb institution, an academy of design, painting, and architecture, many museums, several considerable private collections, especially of paintings, the library of the Senate, now consisting of 60,000 volumes and 2000 MSS., with a cabinet of 6000 coins and medals, and admirable establishments for the poor, which are considered to be some of the best in Germany. There are also flourishing manufacto ries of various kinds. Leipzig though comparatively small, has become one of the most important cities in Europe, | Leipzig cannot yet be fully ascertained; but it seems to be owing to its university, its fairs, and its book-trade. now believed that it will be rather favourable than otherwise. The singular concentration of the German book-trade in Leipzig has been a main cause of the celebrity and wealth of that city. The first two booksellers, who were also printers, that settled in Leipzig were Steiger and Boskopf, in 1545. The books were sent to Frankfort fair for sale; but subsequently the book fair at Leipzig was instituted, and in 1667 it was attended by nineteen booksellers from other places. The first catalogue appeared in the sixteenth century. The systematic arrangement of the catalogue was changed in process of time for the alphabetical, and in 1795 the size was altered from quarto to octavo. The number of new works announced has gradually increased. It was not till 1816 that above 3000 new works appeared in Germany; in 1828 there were above 5600; and this year, 1838, about 6000. The German booksellers are either publishers (Verlagshändler) who sell only their own publications, or booksellers who publish nothing themselves (Sortiments händler), but sell only what they purchase of the publishers. Now however these latter are in general publishers also, by which means they are able to make exchanges with other publishers. It is now become the general custom for the publishers to let the retail booksellers have their publications on sale and return for a certain time, at the expiration of which payment is made for what has been sold, and the remainder may be returned. The peculiar feature in the German book-trade is that every publisher has his commissioner at Leipzig, to whom he sends prospectuses and specimens of his new publications, which the commissioner distributes and makes known. A bookseller out of Leipzig, A, sends his orders, not to the publisher, B, but to his own commissioner, C, at Leipzig, who delivers them to the commissioner of the publisher, D, and the latter gives the books to C, and keeps the order to send to B. The university was founded in 1409, in consequence of the immigration of a great number of students from Prague with their professors, on which occasion the Elector Frederick and his brother William took the universities of Prague and Paris as models. The 4th December, 1409, is considered as the date of the foundation, and the bull of Pope Alexander VI. confirming it is of the same year. The salaries of the professors were paid partly in money, and partly by the assignment of the rents of certain houses and lands. The revenues were increased by various additions in process of time; and lastly, the late king Frederick Augustus allotted to the purpose of paying the salaries of the professors, &c., the interest of 100,000 dollars and some other revenues. During its whole existence of more than four centuries, the university of Leipzig has enjoyed the reputation of being one of the most eminent in Germany. The number of students is between 1100 and 1200, and that of the professors ordinary and extraordinary, lecturers, private teachers, &c., 120. The organization of the university has been frequently modified, and especially since 1830, when the four nations of which it was composed were abolished, and the general administration of the university placed under the department of ecclesiastical affairs: the property of the university, with the immediate superintendence of the management, was confirmed to it. For the promotion of the studies in the university there are admirably organized institutions, some of them founded by bequests and donations, partly designed for the cultivation of learning in general, and partly for particular branches of science. Among them are the philological seminary, an excellent clinical institution, a school of midwifery, a botanic garden, a chemical laboratory, an ophthalmic institution, a deaf and dumb asylum, a museum of natural history, &c. The library, after having been for a long time rather neglected, has now an additional head librarian under the minister for ecclesiastical affairs: it was formed out of the libraries of suppressed monasteries and the gifts of professors, and now consists of 100,000 volumes and above 4000 MSS., and is particularly rich in philology, medicine, and old divinity. A great ornament of the university is the Augusteum, erected by a grant of the Assembly of the Estates in 1831, in memory of King Frederick Augustus, and finished in 1835. It is a very fine building, after a design of Schinkel, 300 feet in length and three stories in height, and contains a great hall, lecturerooms, and apartments for the library, the cabinet of philosophical apparatus, and the collections of natural history. The university still retains its reputation for sound learning, and the students, notwithstanding the excitement of recent times, deserve the praise of diligence and good conduct. (Gretschel, Die Universität Leipzig, Dresden, 1830.) The origin of Leipzig was the Slavonian village in the angle where the Parde falls into the Pleisse, which is said to have received its name from the lime-trees growing about it, which are called in Slavonian Lip, Lipa, or Lipsk. After King Henry I. had founded the castle of Meissen in 928, he seems to have laid the foundations of a castle in the plain of Leipzig; but it is not spoken of as a fortified town, surrounded with walls and a moat, till the twelfth century, under Margrave Otho the Rich, who granted it a licence to hold two fairs, at Easter and Michaelmas. At that time the number of the inhabitants was between 5000 and 6000. | Otho's son Dietrich designed to curb the mutinous spirit of the citizens by erecting in 1218 three castles, of which only the Pleissenburg still exists, but in a very different form. As Jews are already mentioned at that time among the inhabitants, it may be inferred that there was considerable trade. The first fair at New Year was proclaimed in 1458, and the three fairs were confirmed by the emperor in 1507. These fairs have laid the foundation of the prosperity and wealth of Leipzig. The concourse of merchants from various countries is very great, and the value of the goods sold was estimated a few years ago at upwards of three millions sterling, not including the value of the books. The business done at the fairs is not so great as it has been, which is owing in a great measure to the very rigorous prohibitory system of Russia, which, being extended to the kingdom of Poland and the provinces of Persia and Asiatic Turkey now incorporated with the Russian empire, prevents the merchants of those countries from making extensive purchases at Leipzig. What effect the formation of the German Commercial League may have on the trade of At the Easter fair booksellers from all Germany, Sweden, Denmark, the Russian Baltic provinces (where the German language is spoken), from the Netherlands, and even France and England, to the number of above 300, meet at Leipzig to settle their accounts, &c.; and this meeting has acquired additional importance by the establishment of a Booksellers' Exchange, a handsome building which has been but just completed. The number of booksellers and music-sellers in Leipzig itself is 119. Besides the advantages arising from this centralization of the book-trade, the 23 printing-offices, of which that of Brockhaus, in which the Conversations Lexicon' is printed, employs 40 ordinary presses, and three machines which are worked by a steamengine, and the five type-founderies, employ a capital of some millions of dollars. Above 40 millions of sheets are ally printed at Leipzig, and the bales of books brought thither every year amount on an average to 30,000 cwt., the value of which however is probably not more than from 200,000l. to 250,0007. sterling. annu Much as Leipzig has suffered at different periods by the miseries of war, the active spirit of the citizens has always enabled them to recover in a much shorter time than might have been expected. The Thirty Years' War seemed to have wholly ruined it. In September, 1631, the great victory obtained by Gustavus Adolphus over Tilly was fought on its plain; and in 1642 it was besieged by the Swedish General Torstenson, after defeating the Imperial army under the Archduke Leopold William and Piccolomini, who came to its relief. The fearful conflict on the 16th, 17th, and 18th of October, 1813, in which Napoleon was totally defeated by the allied armies under Prince Schwarzenberg, is still fresh in our recollection. The damage done in the environs only of Leipzig was estimated at 2,580,949 dollars (400,0007), and yet in a few years all trace of the mischief had disappeared. The pursuit and the acquisition of wealth have not obscured the good qualities which Pope Alexander VI. recognised in the inhabitants when he declared them to be polished and well-conducted persons. They have given every encouragement to education and the cultivation of knowledge. Men of eminence, such as Gesner, Ernesti, Fischer. Reiske, have been rectors of the schools; and Leibnitz, Thomasius, Fabricius, and Teller were natives of this city. They are great friends to the fine arts, and are especially fond of music and the drama, and the best actors of Germany have been formed on their stage. They are also extremely charitable, and are ready to relieve by liberal contributions cases of distress, either among themselves or in other parts of Germany |