J.

| of one; but the others beginning to suck, she became careful of them and affectionate to them. The male seemed more fond of them than the mother, and assisted her in her care of them. Lady Rolle addressed a letter to the secretary of the Zoological Society of London (February, 1835), giving an account of the birth of two young ones, the produce of a pair of Ouistitis (Jacchus penicillatus, Geoff.) in her ladyship's possession. The parents were obtained in London during the preceding summer, and the young were brought forth on the 1st January. One was born dead, but the other was surviving at the date of the letter, being then about six weeks old, and appearing likely to live. It was every day put on the table at the dessert, and fed upon sweet cake. Lady Rolle stated that the mother took great care of it, exactly in the manner described by Edwards in his 'Gleanings.' It was observed that young of the same species had been born at the Society's Gardens, but not living, and that a female in the collection of the president, the Earl of Derby, at Knowsley, had produced, about the same time as Lady Rolle's, two living and healthy young ones, which were then still thriving. (Zool. Proc.)

Teeth of Jacchus four times larger than nature. (F. Cuvier.) Description. This appears to be the Simia Jacchus of Linnæus and others; Callithrix Jacchus of Erxleben; Hapale Jacchus of Illiger and Kuhl; Cercopithecus Jacchus of Blumenbach; Cagui, Sugouin, Sagoin, Sanglain, and Sanglin, of Edwards and various authors, the latter terms being probably derived from Sahuim, the name by which it is said to be known near Bahia; Quistiti of Buffon and the French; Striated Monkey of Pennant.

Length of body about eight inches; tail rather more than eleven; colour olive-grey, darkest on the head and shoulders, where it becomes nearly black; tail and lower part of the back barred or annulated with pale grey; lower parts of extremities brownish-grey. Face of a flesh colour; two tufts of pale hair spring round the ears; front claws hooked and thick.

Locality, Guyana and Brazil. Habits.--The habits of the genus generally are squirrellike, though they are, occasionally at least, carnivorous. Jacchus vulgaris, in a wild state, is omnivorous, feeding on fruits, roots, seeds, insects, and little birds or nestlings. The individual (in captivity) from which Edwards took his drawing fed upon biscuits, fruit, greens, insects, snails, &c., and once, when loose, it suddenly snatched a Chinese gold-fish from a basin of water and devoured it: Mrs. Kennon, to whom it belonged, after this gave it live eels, which frightened it at first by twisting round its neck, but it soon mastered and ate them. Mrs. Moore, of Rio Janeiro, sent a living specimen of Jacchus penicillatus, which was said to have been obtained from Bahia, to the Zoological Society of London, with the following note: 'Like most monkeys, it will eat almost anything; but its chief and favourite food, in its wild state, is the banana. It is a very delicate animal, and requires great warmth; and its very beautiful tail is in this respect eminently conducive to the comfort of the little creature, who, on all occasions when he requires warmth, rolls himself up in the natural boa with which Providence has in its wisdom endowed him.'

The Quistitis, or Sanglins, rot unfrequently breed in confinement. Edwards notices a pair that bred in Portugal, and M. F. Cuvier possessed two which had young. Three little ones were born, and the female soon ate off the head

Jacchus vulgaris.

Mr. Gray places the form among the Anthropomorphous Primates in the family Sariguide, and in its last subfamily (the 5th), Harpalina (Hapalina ?), which is immediately preceded by Saguinina.

Mr. Swainson, who arranges it under his family Cebidae, gives the group the appellation of Mouse Monkeys, because the large cutting teeth in the lower jaw strongly indicate, in his opinion, a representation of the order Glires.' [MIDAS.]

JACKAL, or TSCHAKKAL, Chacal or Loup dore of the French, Adive of Buffon, Canis Aureus of Linnæus.

Dental formula that of the Dog. Pupil of the eye round like those of the Dog and Wolf.

Description. Yellowish-grey above, whitish below, thighs and legs yellow, ears ruddy, muzzle very pointed, tail reaching hardly to the heel (properly so called). The colours sometimes vary, and the back and sides are described by Mr. Bennett as of mixed grey and black, and as abruptly and strikingly distinguished from the deep and uniform tawny of the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The head nearly of the same mixed shade with the upper surface of the body.

Geographical Distribution.-India, other parts of Asia, and Africa. Cuvier says that Jackals are met with from India and the environs of the Caspian Sea to Guinea, but that it is not certain that they are all of the same species.

Habits gregarious, hunting in packs, and the pests of the countries where they are found, and where they burrow in the earth. In their huntings the Jackals will frequently

6

attack the larger quadrupeds, but the smaller animals and him of Zorah. Dr. Kennicott alludes to the remark that poultry are their most frequent prey. Their cry is very the Hebrew word translated "foxes' signifies also handfuls peculiar and piercing. Captain Beechey notices it as hav- (Ezek. xiii. 19, 'handfuls of barley'), if the letter, which ing something rather appalling when heard for the first has been inserted or omitted elsewhere almost at pleasure, time at night; and he remarks, that as they usually come be left out. No less than seven Hebrew MSS. want that in packs, the first shriek which is uttered is always the sig- letter here,' says Dr. Kennicott in continuation, and read nal for a general chorus. We hardly know,' continues they. Admitting this version, we see that Samson took Captain, a sound which partakes less of harmony than three hundred handfuls (or sheaves) of corn, and one hunthat which is at present in question; and indeed the sud-dred and fifty firebrands; that he turned the sheaves end to den burst of the answering long-protracted scream, succeeding immediately to the opening note, is scarcely less impressive than the roll of the thunder-clap immediately after a flash of lightning. The effect of this music is very much increased when the first note is heard in the distance (a circumstance which often occurs), and the answering yell bursts out from several points at once, within a few yards or feet of the place where the auditors are sleeping.' These animals are said to devour the dead on the battle-field and to scratch away the earth from the shallow graves in order to feed on the corpses.

John Hunter (Phil. Trans.) has recorded the case of a female Jackal which whelped in this country. The period of gestation was about the same as that of the dog, and the whelps were blind at first.

The story of the Jackal being the lion's provider may have arisen from the notion that the yell of the pack gives notice to the lion that prey is on foot, or from the Jackal's being seen to feed on the remnants of the lion's

quarry.

Cuvier observes that it is not certain that all the Jackals are similar (of the same species'); those of Senegal, for example (Canis Anthus, F. Cuv.), he remarks, stand higher on the legs, and appear to have the muzzle sharper and the tail rather longer.

The offensive odour of the Jackal has been given as one of the reasons against reducing it to a state of domestication. We do not see what advantage is to be derived from such a process; but, if it were desirable, that objection, it seems, would not hold. Colonel Sykes, who notices it as the Kholah of the Mahrattas, and as being numerous in Dukhun (Deccan), had in his possession at the same time a very large wild male and a domesticated female. The odour of the wild animal was almost unbearable; that of the domesticated Jackal was scarcely perceptible.

Jackal.

Some are of opinion that the three hundred foxes between whose tails Samson is said to have put firebrands in order that they might set fire to the crops of the Philistines (Judges, xv., 4, 5) were Jackals. Many of the modern Oriental names for the last-mentioned animals, Chical of the Turks, Sciagal, Sciugal, Sciachal, or Shacal of the Persians, come very near to the Hebrew word by, Shual. Hasselquist, speaking of Canis aureus, the Jackcall, Chical of the Turks,' says (translation), 'There are greater numbers of this species of Fox to be met with than the former (Canis Vulpes), particularly near Jaffa, about Gaza, and in Galilee. I leave others to determine which of these is the Fox of Samson. It was certainly one of these two animals. This does not seem however to be quite so certain, for there are not wanting those-and Dr. Kennicott is one of them-who reject all quadrupedal aid as ancillary to the vengeance of

and then, setting the brands on fire, sent the fire into the
end, and put a firebrand between the two ends in the midst;
standing corn of the Philistines.' Our limits will not allow
us to dwell upon this subject, which the reader will find
elaborately discussed by Dr. Harris and others.
Monedula of Linnæus.
JACKDAW, the well-known English name for Corvus

Dun Diver. [MERGANINE.]
JACKSAW, one of the provincial English names for the

JACKSON, WILLIAM, who alone is almost sufficient to
country, that the English have no school of music, was born
refute the opinion too generally entertained, even in this
in 1730, at Exeter, of which place his father was a highly
respectable tradesman. He there received a liberal educa-
tion, and having evinced distinct proofs of musical genius,
but completed his professional studies in London, under the
was placed under the tuition of the organist of the cathedral,
celebrated Travers, of the Chapel-Royal. He returned to
and settled in his native city, and in 1777 was appointed
of the cathedral.
sub-chanter, organist, lay-vicar, and master of the choristers

publication of Twelve Songs, which immediately spread his Jackson first made himself known as a composer by the fame throughout the kingdom.

His next work was Six Sonatas for the Harpsichord; but this proved unsuccessful: sion to good lyric poetry, of which he always made a judicious his power was in vocal music-in giving melodious expres choice, for he was too sensible a man to waste his strength in such nonsense-verses as are commonly set by the numwork, Six Elegies for Three Voices, completely established berless pseudo-composers of the present day. His third his reputation; they are, and will ever continue to be, admired by all who have a cultivated, unprejudiced love of the art. This was followed by his Opera Iv., consisting of twelve more songs, among which is, if we mistake not, the very lovely air, Go, gentle gales:' and subsequently he published two other sets of the same number of songs in each, many of which deserve to be rescued from that neglect to which fashion, that is, the rage for novelty, has condemned them. His Twelve Canzonets for Two Voices, all of them more or less ingenious and pleasing, were once the delight of every musical circle. Of these, 'Time has not thinned my flowing hair has lost none of its charms; and 'Love in thine eyes for ever plays' is a duet familiarly known to most, if not all, persons of taste in the British isles. Of his three dramatic compositions The Lord of the Manor alone survives. The exquisitely tender air in this, 'Encompass'd in an angel's frame, is one among the many admirable things in the opera; the words by General Burgoyne, who in a preface to the drama pays an exceedingly elegant welldeserved compliment to the composer, viewing him both as a musician and as a man.

Originality and grace are the attributes of JACKSON of Exeter: there is in his works a total absence of those phrases cant phrases they may be called-which, though fashionable and admired at the time, soon became vulgar and distasteful. He wrote not only for his own age, but for English composers, and will hereafter, when the venerable garb of antiquity' is thrown over him, be better known and future ages. He is already admitted into the list of classical more esteemed than at the present period; though even now all real judges of musical excellence justly appreciate his best productions. temporaries, because superior to most of them in genius. and infinitely beyond them in education and in those atHe was decried by his professional containments which become a gentleman. He was a critic too, and wrote as well as said caustic things. His mind was of large calibre; it was powerful and active; he thought for himself, and commonly thought right. His Thirty Letters on various Subjects, and his Four Ages, together with Essays on various Subjects, display the extent of his know ledge, the correctness of his judgment, and the originality of his conceptions. wholly excluded, though it occupies only a small portion of

From those volumes music is not

4

remark

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3. want

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them. But what he has written on the subject is much to the
point, his criticism is just, and he has expressed his opinions
in easy, appropriate language. (Supplement to Musical
Library.)

Jackson was no mean proficient in the sister art of painting: he chiefly employed his pencil in landscapes, making his friend Gainsborough his model; and it has been said, perhaps rather hyperbolically, that he occasionally imitated him so well, as almost to become a kind of rival. This very accomplished man died at the age of 73, leaving a widow, two sons, and a daughter. One of his sons accompanied Lord Macartney to China; his name and further history have eluded our inquiry. The other son, Francis James, filled, with great honour to himself, many diplomatic situations; he was successively secretary of legation at Berlin, minister plenipotentiary at Madrid, ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States of America. He died some years ago, leaving a son and daughter. JACKSON, PORT. [SIDNEY.]

harmonious. His views of philosophy, as far as they can be gathered from his scattered and occasional compositions on the subject, were rather of a sceptical than of a dogmatical character, and he denied the possibility of certainty in human knowledge. He maintained that all demonstrative systems must necessarily lead to fatalism, which however is irreconcileable with man's consciousness of the freedom of his rational nature. The general system of nature indeed, and man himself, so far as he is a part of that system, is pure mechanism; but in man there is unquestionably an energy which transcends and is superior to sense, or that faculty which is bound up with and regulated by the laws of nature. This higher energy is liberty, or reason, and consequently sense and reason distinguish to man two distinct spheres of his activity-the sensible or visible world, and the invisible or intelligible. The existence of these worlds no more admits of demonstrative proof than that of sense and reason themselves. Now sense and reason are the supreme and ultimate principles of all intellectual operations, and as such legitimate them, while they themselves do not receive their JA'COBI, FREDERICK HENRY, a philosophical legitimization from aught else; and the existence of sense writer of Germany, was born at Düsseldorf, in 1743, and and reason necessarily implies the existence of sensible and died at Munich, 10th March, 1819. He was distinguished, intelligible objects about which they are conversant. But not so much as the author of a peculiar system of philo- this existing system of things cannot have originally prosophy, as for the critical acumen and forcible eloquence with ceeded either from nature or from man's intellect or reason, which he detected and exposed the incoherences and for both nature and the human mind are finite and condi defects of the prevailing systems, of which he traced the in- tionate, and there must be something infinite and unconevitable consequences with great rigor and sagacity. Origi- ditionate, superior to and independent both of nature and ginally educated for a mercantile profession, Jacobi united man, to be the source and principle of all things. This the pursuits of literature to those of commerce until his being is God. Now as man's liberty consists in his perappointment as councillor in the Hofkammer of his native sonality or absolute individuality, for this constitutes his city, which he obtained by the good offices of the Count von proper essence, while the mechanism of nature is hereby Golstein, enabled him to indulge his natural tastes and in- distinguished from man, that none of its members are indielination by devoting his whole time and attention to vidual of character, therefore that which is superior both to literature. In this new career he sought to combine poetry nature and to man must be perfectly and supremely indiwith philosophy, and his earliest publication was a philo-vidual; God consequently is one only, and strictly personal. sophical poem, entitled Friendship and Love,' which first Moreover, as the ground of all subsistence, he cannot be appeared in 1777, but was republished two years afterwards without subsistence; and as the principle of reason, he canunder the simpler title of Woldemar.' In this year Jacobi not be irrational. Of the existence of this divine intelliwas invited to Munich, and appointed geheimrath, in which gence however all direct proof is as impossible as a demonsituation he evinced the honesty and independence of his stration of existence simply. Generally indeed nothing can character by exposing publicly the injurious tendency and be known except upon testimony, and whatever rests on imprudence of the Bavarian system of finance. In 1781 testimony is not certainty but faith, and such a faith or he commenced an able controversy with Mendelsohn, by his belief, when its object is the existence of a good and supreme work On the Doctrine of Spinosa,' which he further pro- being, is religion. secuted in his Observations on Mendelsohn's Apology for the Doctrine of Spinosa.' By the essay, entitled David Hume, or Idealism and Realism,' he provoked the hostility JACOBINS is the name of a faction which exercised a of the followers of Kant, and that of the admirers of great influence on the events of the French Revolution. Fichte by his Sendschreiben an Fichte,' whose respect This faction originated in a political club formed at Verhowever, as well as that of most of his controversial oppo- sailles, about the time of the meeting of the first National nents, he secured by the known sincerity of his character Assembly, and which was composed chiefly of deputies and opinions. When the troubles arising out of the French from Britanny, who were most determined against the court revolution extended to Germany, Jacobi retired to Holstein, and the old monarchy, and some also from the South of whence he removed successively to Wandsbeck and Ham- France, among whom was Mirabeau. When the National burg; from the latter he was called, in 1804, to Munich, Assembly removed its sittings to Paris (October 19, 1789), to assist in the formation of the new Academy of Sciences, of the Breton club followed it, and soon after established their which he was appointed president, in 1807. This dignity meetings in the lately suppressed convent of the Jacobins, or Jacobi resigned upon attaining his 70th year, but was allowed Dominican monks, in the Rue St. Honoré. From this cirto retain the salary and emoluments. Shortly previously his cumstance the club and the powerful party which grew from work On Divine Things and on Revelation (Leipz. 1811) it assumed the name of Jacobins. During the year 1790 the had involved him in a bitter controversy with Schelling, club increased its numbers by admitting many men known for who, in his answer, which bore the title Memorial to the violent principles, which tended not to the establishment of a Work on Divine Things,' professed to give the real position constitutional throne, but to the subversion of the monarchy. of Jacobi with respect to science and theism, or in other A schism broke out between these and the original Jacowords, to philosophy and religion, and generally to litera- bins, upon which Danton, Marat, and other revolutionists ture. Notwithstanding the unfavourable estimate which seceded from the club, and formed themselves into a sepathis great philosopher drew therein of the literary and phi-rate club called 'Les Cordeliers,' from their meetings belosophical merits of Jacobi, he still maintains a high rank ing held in a suppressed convent of Franciscan friars. among sincere and honest inquirers after truth; and even [DANTON.] These men openly advocated massacre, proif, exclusively occupied with detached speculations, he rather scription, and confiscation, as the means of establishing the prepared than established a system of philosophy, the pro sovereignty of the people. In 1791 the Cordeliers reunited foundness and originality of his views have furnished mate themselves with the Jacobin club, from which they expelled rials of which more systematic minds have not scrupled the less fanatical members, such as Louis Stanislas Freron, to avail themselves for the construction of their own Legendre, and others. From that time, and especially in theories. the following year, 1792, the Jacobin club assumed the ascendency over the legislature; the measures previously discussed and carried in the club being forced upon the assembly by the votes of the numerous Jacobin members, and by the out-door influence of the pikemen of the suburbs, with whom the club was in close connexion. The attack on the Tuileries in August, 1792, the massacres of the following September, the suppression of royalty, and most of

As a poet, in which capacity he was greatly inferior to his brother (John George), Jacobi was a reflective rather than an imaginative thinker. His poetical merits are chiefly confined to vividness of description and to boldness of style. His philosophical writings, notwithstanding the want of all scientific method, are remarkable for the beauty of the exposition, which is conveyed in a form at once vigorous and

Jacobi's complete works have been published in 6 vols., Leipz. 1819-20.