said to have been derived from the woods of evergreen oak with which it was covered, Tifata being equivalent to iliceta.

XXXVII. 3. promovendo: passive, "by being moved forward."

7. intra castra atque urbem, "within the space formed by the camp on one side, and the city on the other."

8. Grumentum. This is the first mention anywhere of this place. In B.C. 207, Hannibal himself met with a slight defeat here from C. Claudius Nero. It stood at the head of the valley of the Aciris.

XXXVIII. 4. ultro inferendo bello, "by carrying the war into the enemy's country."

6. additis quinque. These five ships are counted twice over, and so the total of the fleet with its reinforcements for the Macedonian war is said to consist of fifty-five, instead of fifty ships.

XXXIX. 5. Compulteriam. In Samnium on the right bank of the Vulturnus. Its capture by Fabius is mentioned again, Bk. xxiv. ch. xx.

XL. 2. Carales: now Cagliari, on the south coast of Sardinia; the most important town in the island. It was of Carthaginian foundation.

3. Pellitos Sardos: tribes dwelling in the hills towards the north-west of the island. Their chief town was Cornus.

7. procursationes, "skirmishes.".

app. to procursationes.

levia certamina, in

XLI. 1. Mago. No more is known of him.

7. a. cum militibus...elephantisque.

=

See ch. xiii. ad fin.

b. astuque suo, "with the tide" æstu secundo. In con

struction the sentence requires either exercitum duxit, or the omission of que with æstu suo.

Pyrrhus came over to Italy

began in B.C.

XLII. 2. a. Pyrrho regi. in B.C. 281, and finally left it in B.C. 275. b. necessariam. See Bk. xxI. ch. xiii. § 3. 5. per annos centum. The Samnite wars 343, and lasted on until the year B.C. 290. They did not therefore strictly occupy more than fifty-three years. The Samnites revolted afterwards in the year before Pyrrhus came into Italy, but they were never able, after the conclusion of the third great war in B.c. 290, to make head against Rome.

6. duos consules. Veturius and Postumius, B.C. 321, at the Caudine Forks.

8. a. ante explorato, "the ground having been first reconnoitred."

b. Proprætoris unius, sc. Marcellus. Some edd. read proprii, which must be taken with præsidii in the sense of "intended for it alone," i. e. Nola.

11. præsidiumque simul nobis et Nola ademeris, “you will take away their garrison both from us and from Nola." The texts vary very much. Some read præsidium missum (i. e. a Romanis) nobis et Nola ademeris. Others, præsidiumque missum nobis (i.e. a te) et Nola ademerit, sc. præsidium.

XLIII. 2. indicandum autem primum fuisse. From the preceding indicare clades suas, supply quas clades accepissent.

4. obscuram facturum, "would eclipse."

6. Hanno ex Bruttiis. See above, ch. xxxvii. § 9.

8. Explorato, used as in ch. xlii. § 8.-explorato...receptu, after reconnoitring, and with strong escorts and

66

with the means of retreat secured."-receptu, see Bk. XXII.

ch. xii. § 4.

9. obterit, "disparages," "speaks in contemptuous terms of." See Bk. xxiv. ch. xv. § 8.

12. ipsorum quam H. interesse, "it concerned them much more than Hannibal whether he," &c.-potiturum enim, with emphasis, "for get possession of it he would."

...

XLIV. 2. Dedituris se ·præsidium, "if they had intended to give themselves up to Hannibal, would they have been likely to call in a Roman garrison ?"

5. concursu ad pugnantes facto, "as numbers flocked to the combatants."

7. tenuit," continued." See Bk. xxiv. ch. xlvii. § 13.

XLV. 6. enim minor res est. Enim occurring in this position expresses irony or contempt: - "Well! a less thing than this is now before you." Some edd. have En!

пипс.

XLVII. 4. ad evagandum. See Bk. xxII. ch. xlvii. § 1. 5. minime sis cantherium in fossam, "don't ride your horse into a ditch," jeering at the folly of his antagonist, With this reading sis is said to stand for si vis, (= si placet,) and dejice is to be supplied from dejecit. Others read in fossa, taking cantherium as a nom., but no such nom. is to be found. For other interpretations see the notes of Gronovius and Crevier.

XLVIII. 6. tributo sumptus suppeditari, "the expenses of the war were being supplied by (extraordinary) taxation" see ch. xxxi. § 1.

7. a. redempturis, "by their farming of the State re

venues."

b. tempus commodarent, "make a loan."

...

c. conducerentque solveretur, "and contract for the supply of what was necessary for the army of Spain, on condition that as soon as there was money in the treasury, payment should be made to them first of all."

8. edixit, quo die...esset locaturus, "he gave notice on what day he would receive contracts for."

XLIX. 1. a. in eo publico, sc. ministerio: Gr., λeτουργία.

b. publico periculo essent, "might be ensured," i. c. the loss was to be borne by the State. This gave rise to fraud, (see Bk. xxv. ch. iii. § 6,) notwithstanding what Livy says about the honourable conduct of the contractors.

4. nec quicquam quam si...alerentur. Supply exercitus, "just as much as if the armies were still supported out of a rich treasury."

5. Iliturgi oppidum: a city of Hispania Boetica, about five days' march from Carthago Nova. Having joined the Romans, it was twice besieged by the Carthaginians (see again, Bk. xxiv. ch. xli.), but each time the siege was raised. At last, on the overthrow of the two Scipios, it revolted to the Carthaginians, for which the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the city burnt by P. Scipio, B.C. 206.