authorized the wrong;" or, as a concession on the Roman side, "they are willing to think that we have not," &c.

9. Egates insulas. Three small islands off the western extremity of Sicily, nearly opposite Lilybæum. They are famous for the victory of Lutatius Catulus over the Carthaginian fleet at the close of the first Punic war, B.C. 241.

Eryx, a city on the mountain of the same name. It was famous for its occupation by Hamilcar in the first Punic war. The victory of Lutatius obliged him to abandon it.

10. Tarento. Tarentum was besieged by the Romans after the withdrawal of Pyrrhus from Italy, and at last taken by Papirius the Consul, B.C. 272. While the siege was going on the Carthaginians sent a fleet to help the Tarentines, but it arrived too late.

11. a. et id...dedit. And the question (id de quo verbis ambigebatur), who had broken the treaty? was settled by the issue of the war, which, like a just judge, decided in favour of that party (ei victoriam dedit) which had right on its side (unde jus stabat). The antecedent to unde is ci.

b. Carthagini... Carthaginis. Both with emphasis; "It is against Carthage that Hannibal," &c. "It is the walls of Carthage that he is battering."

12. paternas inimicitias, "my hostility to his father."

XI. 4. pro concione, "publicly."

The catapult was used for

7. a. catapultis balistisque. throwing darts, the balista for stones. b. nudasset, "cleared."

c. cum dolabris. The dolabra was a sort of chiselshaped instrument, probably made with a socket, so as to contain a wooden haft. The use must have been much the same as that of our crow-bar.

8. a. cæmenta, (cado,) the "stones" with which the wall was built, rough, as they had been hewn out of the quarry, cula, "lime."

b. latius quam cæderetur. The subjunctive is to be explained by the implication of quod. "The breach extended wider than the parts on which the blows fell."

10. a. a nondum capta urbis parte. a parte, "opposite," "in front of."

b. interiora tuendo; lit., "by defending the inner parts;" i.e. by making lines within lines of fortification.

11. hostium essent, "were in the hands of the enemy; possessive genitive.

12. a. Oretanos. A people in the south of Hisp. Tarraconensis, extending from Carthago Nova to the northern bend of the Anas. Their chief town was Castulo. Carpen tanos; sup., ch. v. § 5.

b. conquisitoribus, "recruiting officers." When there was a difficulty in completing a levy, they were authorized to impress men for service.

XII. 1. Maharbale: one of Hannibal's best officers. He followed up 6,000 Romans after the Thrasymene battle, and compelled them to surrender, (xxii. 6); cut up a detachment of 4,000 men who were marching under Centenius the proprætor to aid Flaminius, (xxii. 8); and if Livy's account is true, commanded the Carthaginian right wing at Cannæ, (xxii. 46). It was he who urged Hannibal after the victory to hasten immediately to Rome.

5. Postulabatur autem, "now the demands were that," &c.-autem exegetical, as again just below, "erat autem tum miles," &c.

6. pacis ejus, "that peace;" the terms of which Aleon had refused to take back to his fellow-citizens.

XIII. 2. vel ea fides sit: ea in construction agrees with fides, though in sense it refers to the sentence, "quod neque...feci." For a similar use see ch. xvii,, "legiones duæ, ea quaterna millia erant."

4. a. si eam...audiatis. The construction is, "si, quemadmodum Hannibal, ut victor, fert eam, sic vos, ut victi, audiatis (eam)."

b. vobis suadet, "counsels you to accept."

XIV. 2. momento cepit, " carried it at once."

momento

more frequently takes a case after it, e. g. inf. 33, momento temporis.

3. cui enim...ex iis, "for how could quarter be given to any of those, who," &c.

XV. 1. discrimen, "distinction."

2. a. Octavo mense; so Polyb. iii. 17. Saguntum was captured in the year B.c. 219, when L. Æmilius Paullus and M. Livius were consuls. Hannibal shortly after went into winter quarters, and in the spring of B.c. 218 (when P. Corn. Scipio and Ti. Semp. Longus were consuls) assembled his forces for the invasion of Italy.

b. quinto mensc quam: quam for postquam, as above, octavo mense quam.

4. Aut omnia. Any way Livy is inconsistent with him. self. If Saguntum was taken in the year of P. Corn. Scipio and Ti. Sempronius, i. e. in B.C. 218, Hannibal could not have gone into winter quarters after the capture, for in that year he defeated Sempronius at the Trebia. If in B.C. 219, there still remains the mistake of the assertion in ch. xvi., that P. Corn. Scipio and Ti. Sempronius were consuls when the Saguntine embassy arrived at Rome.

XVI. 3. a. Sardos. At the end of the first Punic war Sardinia was left, as it had been, subject to Carthage. But in B.C. 238, the Romans having espoused the cause of the revolted mercenaries, the Carthaginians were obliged to abandon their claims. It was thus left to the natives. In B.C. 235 T. Manlius was said to have established the su

premacy of Rome over the island, and he obtained a triumph for it. In B.c. 215 Hampsicora, a native chief, revolted, but his son Hiostus was defeated by Manlius. A second battle was fought at Caralis (Cagliari), in which, though aided by a Carthaginian force, the Sardinians were again beaten, Hasdrubal taken prisoner, and Hiostus slain. Hampsicora put an end to his own life. Vid. xxiii. 32, 40, 41.

b. Corsos. At the beginning of the first Punic war Corsica was subject to Carthage. L. Scipio, in B.C. 259, took Aleria, one of its chief cities, and the island nominally became subject to Rome. The Corsicans were never dangerous enemies, but it was not until nearly the end of the Republic that they were effectually subdued.

c. Histros. A piratical people occupying the triangularshaped peninsula at the head of the Adriatic. They were reduced by M. Minucius Rufus (Fabius's magister equitum) and P. Scipio Asina, B.c. 221, in a single campaign.

d. Illyrios. In various tribes this people occupied the whole east coast of the Adriatic. They had long been formidable as pirates, but the fall of the Epirot power left them without restraint. At last some Roman ambassadors, who had been sent to demand reparation, having been put to death by Teuta, the Illyrian queen, war was declared; and in B.C. 229 a Roman army, under Cn. Fulvius Centumalus and L. Plotius Albinus, crossed the Adriatic for the first time, and soon reduced her to terms. On Teuta's death, Demetrius of Pharus, who had assisted the Romans in the first Illyrian war, having usurped the supreme power, and committed several breaches of the treaty, war was again declared (B.c. 219), and in a short time the consuls, L. Æmilius Paullus and M. Livius, took Pharus, (Pol. iii. 18,) and received the submission of all Illyria.

e. et cum Gallis...belligeratum, "and with the Gauls they had been engaged in forays rather than wars.”

XVII. 1. a. Nominatæ jam. It had already been decided where the consuls were to be employed. The particular province of each was either decided by lot, as in the present case, or they might come to an agreement among themselves. In after times, by a law of C. Gracchus, it was provided that the consular provinces should always be determined before the election of the consuls took place.

b. Cornelio, Publius Cornelius Scipio, son of L. Scipio, who had been consul in the sixth year of the first Punic war. He was killed in Spain, together with his brother Cnæus, near Castulo, in the eighth year of his command there, B.C. 211, (inf. xxv. 34, 35). The following is taken from the "Stemma Scipionum," in the Dict. of Biogr., p. 740:

c. Sempronio: Ti. Semp. Longus. With a large fleet and army he was to cross over to Lilybæum, and if necessary, inake a descent upon Africa. When Hannibal's plans were known, Sempronius was recalled to reinforce Scipio in Cisalpine Gaul. In forty days he marched his army