Pleiades, derived from their spring-rising.

"Hannibal

was on the summit of the Alps about the end of October; the first winter snows had already fallen; but two hundred years before the Christian era, when all Germany was one vast forest, the climate of the Alps was far colder than at present, and the snow lay on the passes all through the year." Arnold, iii. 89.

10. nec qui...vestigio suo: lit., "and when any of them lost their balance, thrown down, they could not keep to their own steps;" i. e. they slipped or rolled down so as to upset those who were near them. The sentence is a very confused one. The order should be, ut qui paulum titubassent neque possent sustinere se a lapsu, nec afflicti hærere vestigio suo. Afflicti, after they had fallen; hærere vestigio suo, remain where they fell. vestigio; see Bk. xxII., ch. xlix. § 2.

XXXVI. With this chapter compare Polyb. iii. 54-5. Livy's account is evidently copied from Polybius.

2. natura locus...abruptus erat: σxeddv ènì тpía Яμστάδια τῆς ἀποῤῥῶγος καὶ πρὸ τοῦ μὲν οὔσης, τότε δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον ἔτι προσφάτως ἀπεῤῥωγυίας. Pol. iii. 54. 7.

insistebant,

4. veterem nivem, "the snow of the preceding winter;" the same as the "nudam infra glaciem" and the "infimam nivem" lower. down. "found standing," or “ made impression.” Ἐπὶ γὰρ τὴν προϋπάρχουσαν χιόνα καὶ διαμεμενηκυῖαν ἐκ τοῦ πρότερον χειμῶνος (veterem nivem intactam) ἄρτι τῆς ἐπιετοῦς πεπτωκυίας, ταύτην μὲν εὐδιάκοπτον εἶναι (facile pedes insistebant) συνέβαινε, καὶ διὰ τὸ πρόσφατον οὖσαν ἁπαλὴν ὑπάρχειν (molli), καὶ διὰ τὸ μηdéπw Bálos exei (nec præaltæ). Polyb. iii. 55. 1.

5. a. ut a lubrica glacie...fallente: "for the ice was slippery, and would not hold their steps; and being on a steep declivity, threw them down all the quicker." — non

recipiente vestigium = οὐ δυνάμενοι τὴν κάτω χιόνα διακόπτειν of Polybius.—in prono, ἐπιπολὺ κατωφερῶν ὄντων τῶν χωρίων.

b. ipsis adminiculis, i. e. manibus et genu.-ut, seu ... corruerent. οπότε πεσόντες βουληθεῖεν ἢ τοῖς γόνασιν ἢ ταῖς χερσὶ προσεξερείσασθαι πρὸς τὴν ἐξανάστασιν (in assurgendo) τότε καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπέπλεον ἅμα πᾶσι τοῖς ἐρείσμασιν (ipsis adminiculis).

c. volutabantur, "floundered.”

6. infimam nivem, i. e. the snow of the winter before, which had become hard on the surface.-in connitendo, "in their struggles." With the whole passage, Jumenta... glacie, cf. Pol. iii. 55. 5: τὰ δ ̓ ὑποζύγια διέκοπτεν ὅτε πέσοι τὴν κάτω χιόνα κατὰ τὴν διανάστασιν διακόψαντα δὲ ἔμενε μετὰ τῶν φορτίων οἷον καταπεπηγότα διά τε τὸ βάρος, καὶ διὰ τὸ πῆγμα τῆς προϋπαρχούσης χιόνος.

XXXVII. 2. aceto. Polybius has nothing of this. Pliny mentions it, xxxiii. 3.

4. a. Quatriduum. The way was made practicable for the horses and baggage-cattle in one day, but it took three days longer to make it passable for the elephants. Cf. Pol. iii. 55. 7.

b. nuda enim...loca: τῶν γὰρ ̓́Αλπεων τὰ μὲν ἄκρα καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὰς ὑπερβολὰς ἀνήκοντα τελέως ἄδενδρα καὶ ψιλὰ πάντ ̓ ἐστὶ, διὰ τὸ συνεχῶς ἐπιμένειν τὴν χιόνα καὶ θέρους καὶ χειμῶνος τὰ δ ̓ ὑπὸ μέσην τὴν παρώρειαν ἐξ ἀμφοῖν τοῖν μεροῖν, ὑλοφόρα καὶ δενδροφόρα, καὶ τὸ ὅλον οἰκήσιμα ἐστιν.

XXXVIII. 1. quinto decimo die. On the ninth day they reached the summit of the central ridge; there they halted two days, and four days were spent in pioneering the descent; but the whole army did not reach the plains of Italy until the eighteenth day.

2. viginti millia peditum, sex equitum : 12,000 African,

8,000 Spanish infantry, and 6,000 cavalry. This was the number which Hannibal himself caused to be inscribed upon the bronze tablet in the temple of the Lacinian Juno, near Crotona, (Pol. iii. 56. 4.) If this be the correct number, he must have lost 33,000 men between the Pyrenees and Italy.

3. L. Cincius Alimentus, was prætor in Sicily B.c. 209; he was taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, and well treated by Hannibal, from whom he obtained an account of his passage through Gaul and over the Alps. Niebuhr gives him credit for considerable research.

4. a. Taurinis: a Ligurian people dwelling on the eastern slope of the Alpes Cottiæ: their limits are very uncertain. This is the first time we hear of them in history. Augustā Taurinorum (Turin) is the only one of their cities known, and it was of a much later foundation.

b. quum inter omnes constet, "since it is allowed on all hands." This is by no means the case, for Polybius (iii. 56. 3) says that he descended among the Insubrians, and mentions the Taurini subsequently (iii. 60. 8). Livy's argument, therefore, for the route of the Alpes Cottiæ is of no value.

c. Pœnino: more correctly written Pennino, from the Celtic Pen, 66 a summit." The Romans worshipped Jupiter under the name Penninus.

d. Cœlium: L. Cœlius Antipater, an historian, flourished cir. B.C. 120. He wrote a history of the second Punic war, following the Greek of Silenus, who was a friend and attendant of Hannibal. He is frequently quoted by Livy, e.g. ch. xlvi., xlvii.

e. Cremonis jugum: some part, not certainly known, of the Alpes Graiæ.

f. Salassos: a very powerful people, probably Ligurian, occupying the valley of the Duria major (Dora Balteä),

leading from the two passes of the Pennine and Grálan Alps. One of the main arguments alleged against Hannibal's passage by this route is, that his march does not appear to have been molested, although the Salassians were "the most untameable robbers of all the Alpine barbarians." (Arnold.)

g. Libuos: a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, north of the Po, in the lower valley of the Duria.

XXXIX. 6. occupavit, "hastened," or 66 was first" to cross. Scipio crossed at Placentia, then ascended the left bank by a bridge over the Ticinus. Hannibal was descending the left bank to meet him.

XL. Scipio's speech to his army. After apologizing for addressing them at all, he tells them the nature of the war they were commencing, with an enemy whom they had often before vanquished; who were reduced to mere shadows by cold and famine, punishments which the gods had sent upon them for their perfidy. These were not mere words of encouragement, which he did not feel; his presence there among them was proof enough of that; he wanted to find out whether the last twenty years had really produced different foes, or whether, after all, they were no other than revolted slaves, whom he called upon them to visit with just vengeance. He reminds them that they were going to fight now, not for glory only, but the safety of themselves, their families, and their country.

1. a. supersedissem loqui, "I should have forborne to ad dress you."

b. Hispania provinciæ scriptus, "levied for Spain."

c. meis auspiciis: for he was consul. The protasis is. from quia...obtuli; novo imperatori...facienda sunt is the apodosis.

4. At enim, "but, it will be said;" an objection anticipated. See ch. xviii., note, § 6.

5. profligare. profligare means to strike down, and almost despatch, prope finem adducere. profligare bellum, to break the force of the war, so as to give the Romans an easy victory. secundum deos, "next after the gods."

XLI. 2. a. quum declinarem certamen, must be taken closely after improvisus incidisse, "do I seem to have fallen in his way whilst I was trying to avoid an engagement with him?" Scipio is supposing some one to say that he had only met Hannibal because he could not get out of his way. Hannibal in his speech (ch. xliii.) does in fact imply this, calling Scipio a "desertor exercitus sui."

b. vectigalis stipendiariusque. Vectigales are those who pay a fluctuating tribute, e. g. a tithe of the produce of their land. Stipendiarii, those who pay a fixed tax of

money or produce.

c. agitaret, "madden," like a Fury.

4. tutelæ nostræ duximus, "we thought it our duty to protect them," 99 66 we regarded them as under our protection." 5. de quibus quondam agebatur, "which were the prizes formerly at stake."

6. identidem, "again and again."

XLII. 1. quis...vellet, "who of them would be willing to fight on condition of being freed from his bonds, and receiving, if victorious, arms and a horse.

2. in id, "for that purpose," i. e. compliance with their demand.

XLIII., XLIV. Hannibal's speech to his army. Their position was such that they must conquer or die. There was every motive to animate them,-the hope of immediate recompense for all that they had gone through, the recol