BOOK XXII.

I. 1. intolerandis frigoribus, “by reason of the unbearable cold." See Bk. xxi. 58, 59.

2. a. pro eo ut ipsi...raperent, "instead of their seizing and driving off plunder." petitusque sæpe, &c. "and he had been often assailed by the plots of the chiefs, and had been saved only by the treachery of the chiefs themselves, who gave information of their conspiracies with the same fickleness of purpose with which they had formed them."

b. mutando nunc vestem, &c. See Polyb. iii. 78.

5. id, sc. auspicium. Publicis privatisque penatibus, in apposition to domo. The state had its public, as every family and house had its private Penates. There was a chapel near the centre of the city to the public Penates at Rome. As no one of a family would go abroad without having first prayed to his household gods, so every consul, dictator, or prætor was bound, on entering upon his office, to do sacrifice to the Penates of the state. Latinis feriis. see xxi. 63, note 5. Monte, the Alban mount.

6. sortes. See xxi. 62, note 1. g.

8. præfarentur. The subject may be either decemviri, or Divi. These carmina probably contained directions as to what gods were to be worshipped upon the occurrence of certain prodigies, and in what way.

9. a. Junoni regina. The temple of Juno Regina on the Aventine was built by Camillus after the conquest of Veii.

b. Feronia was a Sabine goddess, from whose worship sprung a town which was called by her name. It was in the territory of Capena, at the foot of Mount Soracte. The temple was plundered by Hannibal B.C. 211.

c. Ardea. Ardea was one of the most ancient cities of Latium, about twenty-four miles south of Rome, and four from the sea. It was one of the twelve colonia Latina, which in B.C. 209 refused to bear any longer the burthens of the war, (Bk. xxvii. 9).

d. Saturnalia clamata, "the cry of the Saturnalia was raised," alluding to the shouts of the throng, "Io Saturnalia." The Saturnalia was held in December, and was the great mirthful feast of the year. From Livy's expression (populus...jussus) it would seem to have fallen into neglect, and to have been renewed on the present

occasion.

II. Compare Polyb. iii. 79.

1. propiorem viam. "He crossed the Apennines, not by the ordinary road to Lucca, descending the valley of the Macra, but by a straighter line down the valley of the Anser, or Serchio; and leaving Lucca on his right, he proceeded to struggle through the low and flooded country which lay between the right bank of the Arno and the Apennines below Florence." Arnold, iii. 104.

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2. admixtis ipsorum impedimentis, “"with their baggage." συγκαταμίξας αὐτοῖς τὴν ἀποσκευὴν. Pol. iii. 79. 1. to bring up the rear," cogere agmen, ἐπιμελητὴν τῆς ovpaylas. Pol. dilaberentur, "slip away from the ranks." subsisterent, "stay behind."

3. Primi. The Spaniards and Africans. qua modo præ

irent duces, “requiring but the guides (or their officers) to shew them the way." aut...aut, "could neither keep up their bodies by their spirits, nor their spirits by hope." aut...aut neque...neque. et ipsa. The baggage cattle were no more able to bear up than the men,

5. necessarium cubile, "just enough to lie upon." The order is, "acervi jumentorum prostratorum passim toto itinere dabant tantum quod exstaret aqua" (so much of them as was above water) "quærentibus necessarium cubile ad quietem parvi temporis." See Polyb. kabeŠÓμevol γὰρ ἐπ ̓ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν σκευῶν σωρηδὸν, ὑπὲρ τὸ ὑγρὸν ὑπερεἶχον καὶ τῷ τοιούτῳ τρόπῳ βραχὺ μέρος τῆς νυκτὸς ἀπε εκοιμώντο.

III. 1. a. certum habuit, "ascertained."

b. Arretii. Arretium (Arezzo) was at the foot of the Apennines, a little south of the Arno. It was a military post of great importance, as commanding the entrance into South Etruria and the valley of the Tiber from the north.

3. Fasulas (Fiesole). Fasule was situated on a hill above the valley of the Arno, about sixty miles from Arretium. It adjoined the marshes of the Arno, and was the first firm ground met with on emerging from them.

4. prospero...successu: see note, xxi.

6. Quin immo...penates sunt. The sentence is ironical: "Why not sit here before the walls of Arretium, whilst Hannibal slips out of our hands and devastates Italy?" &c.

9. Num literas quoque. Probably with allusion to the letter which the senate sent to recal him from his command in Gaul in B.C. 223. See note, Bk. XXI. ch. lxiii.

IV. Position of the two armies. Hannibal having passed by Flaminius at Arretium, descends to the south, laying waste with fire and sword as he goes, He leaves Cortona

on his left, and approaches the lake Thrasymenus, following the road in a south-east direction to the hills. Flaminius, convinced that Hannibal is shunning him, has broken up from Arretium, and presses closely on his rear.

1. a. quod agri est inter Cortonam urbem Trasumennumque lacum. Cortona was about nine miles north of the lake, situated on a lofty hill; its position rendered it almost impregnable.

b. et jam pervenerant, sc. Pœni.

2. ubi maxime montes Cortonenses Trasumennus subit. The montes Cortonenses (monte Gualandro) reach quite down to the marshes that fringe the lake, at a point near its northwest angle. On crossing these hills a view of the lake is obtained, and on descending from them one enters a kind of semicircle, with the north-east shore of the lake on the right hand forming the chord, and the hills bending round from behind to the left and front. On the hills in front Hannibal posted his African and Spanish infantry; with his light-armed troops he occupied the Gualandro hills, so as to assail the flanks of the advancing Roman column.

7. clamore prius...cerneret. The Romans were first apprized of their being hemmed in by the shouts of the enemy on all sides; the mist prevented their seeing them.

V. 3. alii fugientes...agmen. "Some, as they fled, fell in with a mass of the combatants, and could get no further; others that were rallying (redeuntes in pugnam), a line of fugitives again turned back."

4. non illa ordinata, &c. "It was not a battle in which the various divisions were marshalled in their due order," principes, hastati, triarii. Livy has not mentioned these divisions in their order of position. The hastati formed the first line, behind them the principes, and last the triarii. -Pro signis. The position of the signa was behind the