hastati, who therefore are the antesignani. post signa alia acies, the principes and triarii.

VI. 1. a. pugna est. The present tense may be employed to give vividness to the picture, or else it is simply a mistake for erat.

b. Ducario nomen, erat. Livy alone mentions this name. Polybius says that Flaminius was slain by some of the Gauls.

VII. 3. a. multiplex cædes, "a slaughter many times as great." Cf. inf. ch. liv. § 9.

b. Fabium. Q. Fabius Pictor, the most ancient Roman historian. He served in this war, and was sent by the senate to Delphi after the battle of Cannæ to consult the oracle by what means the gods might be propitiated. See ch. 57, and xxiii. 11.

4. a. Latini nominis: see Bk. xxi. ch. lv. note b.

b. sine pretio dimissis. Hannibal first addressed them, telling them that he was not come to war with the Italians, but to deliver them from the tyranny of Rome. Pol. iii. 85.

c. corpora suorum. His whole loss was 1,500, most of whom were Gauls. Thirty of the most distinguished of those who had fallen he buried with great honours. Pol. iii. 86.

VIII. 1. ab Hannibale circumventa. Maharbal was the commander. Polyb. iii. 86.

3. a. jam diu, thirty-two years. There had been dictators in recent years (the last in B.C. 221) for holding the comitia; but the last dictator elected for actual service had been A. Atilius Calatinus in B.C. 249, the sixteenth year of the first Punic war.

b. consul aberat. The nomination must take place within

the ager Romanus, and, if practicable, at Rome. If the consul could not return to the city, the ager Romanus was interpreted to mean any part of Italy, and the consul having received the senatus-consultum authorizing the ap pointment, might make the nomination in his camp.

IX. 1. per Umbriam usque ad Spoletum. Hannibal had but to cross the Tiber, which he did near Perusia, to enter upon the plain of Umbria, extending south-east as far as Spoletum. Spoletum was a colonia Latina, and has the fame of repelling Hannibal now, as afterwards (B.c. 209) of retaining its loyalty when other colonies were shewing disaffection, (xxvii. 9).

2. a. quanta moles Romanæ urbis esset. Had Hannibal advanced from Spoletum in the direction of Rome, he "would soon have entered on the territory of the thirtyfive Roman tribes, where every man whom he would have met was his enemy." Arnold.

b. avertit iter. He turned north-east from Spoletum, and crossing "the Apennines in the direction of Ancona, invaded Picenum: he then followed the coast of the Adriatic through the country of the Marrucinians and frentamans, till he arrived in the northern part of Apulia, in the country called by the Greeks Daunia." Arnold.

4. a. Prætutianum Hadrianum agrum. Hadria (Atri) lay about five miles from the Adriatic, a little south of the borders of the Prætutii. It became a Roman colony B.C. 282, and was one of the eighteen which remained faithful at the most critical period of the war, (xxvii. 10).

b. Arpos. After the battle of Cannæ, this city was one of the first to submit to Hannibal, and it continued in his power until B.c. 213, when it was betrayed to Fabius Maximus. It never recovered from the losses it sustained in this war.

c. Luceriam. Luceria is about twelve miles due west of Arpi. It was very important as a military post to the Romans while Hannibal was in Apulia, serving either as winter quarters for the army, or as head-quarters during successive campaigns.

6. iterum. His first dictatorship was in B.C. 221.

7. a. Veneri Erycine. Mount Eryx had been the scene of one of the last successes of Rome in the first Punic war. It was famous for its temple of Venus, founded, as was said, by Eneas. This is the first mention of the worship of Venus Erycina being introduced at Rome.

b. Menti. This is the earliest notice of any temple to Mens. See Bk. xxi. 31.

X. 1. de vere sacro. There are two instances in Roman history of a ver sacrum; the present, and one at the end of this war. The sacrifice originally comprehended all that was born of man or domestic animal during the two next spring months, March and April; but on these two occasions human beings were not included.

2. a. hisce duellis, specified by the following quod duellum and quæ duella.

b. quive cis Alpes sunt. If quive be correct, the construction must be supplied, "cum Gallis iisve qui," &c. Qui is usually read.

c. duit; an old form of the conj. pres. for det.

d. profana, i. e. not already consecrated to any particular god. So si id moritur...profanum, a little below, means that if the animal died before the convenient time of its being offered, no guilt was to accrue,-it was to be considered as unconsecrate.

e. clepset, for clepsisset. Clepsit is commonly read, which is for clepserit.-cui cleptum erit, "from whom it shall have been stolen."

f. atro die,i.e. on a day when no rite could be performed or new matter undertaken.

g. ante id ea, better read as one word.-Anteidea ac= priusquam. The order is, "si senatus populusque jusserit fieri anteidea ac faxit."

3. a. ludi magni were celebrated every year, from the fourth to the twelfth of September, to Jupiter, Minerva,

and Juno.

b. æris...triente: 333,333 asses and }. as was worth about two farthings and ablatives of the cost.

At this time the trecentis, &c.,

XI. 2. ab Cn. Servilio...exercitum. This army still consisted of about 30,000 men.

3. a. Tibur...diem ad conveniendum edixit," he appointed them a day for assembling at Tibur." Tibur (Tivoli), about twenty miles north-east of Rome.

b. ut—uti. The repetition of the word is frequent in Livy. The punctuation of the text is incorrect: there should not be a full stop at esset, for the apodosis of the whole sentence begins at ipse-misit.

4. Ocriculum, on the left bank of the Tiber, where the Flaminia Via crosses it.

5. Vetustate. See above, ch. viii. 3.

6. portum Cosanum, on the Etrurian coast, about fifty

miles from Ostia.

XII. 2. in viam Latinam. The Via Latina was one of the oldest of the Roman roads. It took a south-east direction from Rome, through Tusculum to Venafrum, then directly south to Teanum, and on to Casilinum on the Vulturnus, where it joined the Via Appia. The marches of Fabius are not given, but he came at last within sight of Hannibal near Arpi.

4. a. cogeret, sc. egredi.

4. b. minus...pœnitere, to think less badly of. But pœnitere is impersonal, and its construction must not be overlooked. The order is, adsuefaciebant militem minus pœnitere (= ut minus pœniteret) militem, &c. The second militem must be supplied.

XIII. 1. "Hannibal finding that the Apulians did not join him, recrossed the Apennines, and moved through the country of the Hirpinians into that of the Caudinian Samnites." Arnold, p. 119.

a. Beneventanum...agrum. Beneventum, on the Via Appia, about thirty miles east of Capua, originally a strong Samnite city, had fallen under the power of Rome in the third Samnite war, and was now a Latin colony. The Romans gained two great successes in its neighbourhood in this war. (i.) The defeat of Hanno by Gracchus, B.C. 214, (xxiv. 14); and (ii.) The storming of Hanno's camp by Fulvius, B.C. 212, (xxv. 14).

b. Telesiam urbem. Telesia is a few miles north-west of Beneventum, near the right bank of the Calor, about three miles from its junction with the Vulturnus. Fabius recovered it from Hannibal B.c. 214, (xxiv. 20).

2. a. hi nuntiantes, the verb is moverunt. Quum res major quam auctores esset, "the importance of the object being greater than the trustworthiness of his advisers." alternis fidentem ac diffidentem, "trusting and distrusting by turns."

b. ut Campanos ex Samnio peteret. From Telesia, Hannibal descended "the Calor to its junction with the Vulturnus, and ascending the Vulturnus till he found it easily fordable, he finally crossed it near Allifæ, and passing over the hills behind Calatia, descended by Cales into the midst of the Falernian plain, the glory of Campania." Arnold, p. 119.