c. ut etiam atque etiam...affirmarent, "to be very careful to make good their promises by deeds." There is no need to take etiam atque etiam with monitos before ut.

3. in agrum Casinatem. Casinum was a colony on the Via Latina.

or nomen.

4. a. sed Punicum abhorrens. Supply either os, as Gronov., "The Punic pronunciation being unable to speak distinctly the Latin name, caused the guide to understand Casilinum instead of Casinum."

b. Casilinum was a strong town on the Vulturnus, (which is not fordable there,) at the junction of the Latin and Appian roads, Fabius had strongly garrisoned it, and it now barred Hannibal's way to the south.

c. campum Stellatem, The position is not certainly known, but it was north of the Vulturnus, and probably was part of the plain lying between that river and Cales. 7. aquas Sinuessanas. Sinuessa was on the Via Appia, where it leaves the coast to cross the Vulturnus. The baths of Sinuessa were famous until eclipsed by those of Baiæ.

XIV. 2. a. ad rem fruendam. Fruendam passive, "to be enjoyed." Cf. xxI. iii. § 3. Some editions have "ut rein fruendam."

b. ut...tuta...esset. See Bk. xxi. ch. xxv. 1, e.

3. qui modo...indignando, “we who lately, in our indignation at Saguntum being besieged, called upon" &c. 5. M. Furius. M. Furius Camillus.-nobis dictator... quæsitus, "this matchless dictator sought out to save us in our distress."

6. busta Gallica. See Bk. v. ch. xlviii., "pigritia singulos sepeliendi promiscue acervatos cumulos hominum urebant, bustorumque inde Gallicorum nomine insignem locum fecere."

10. haud dubie ferebant...prælaturos, "they would evidently have preferred." The order is, "Haud dubie ferebant (se) prælaturos Minucium Fabio ducem.”

XV. 1. a. pariter...haud minus quam. Two constructions are mixed; pariter in suos atque in hostes, and haud minus in suos quam in hostes.

b. infamem, "unpopular," "found fault with."

c. arbusta, vineæque, &c., in apposition to ea regio.

2. Calliculam montem ; only found in Livy. From Mount Tifata, on the south of the Vulturnus, M. Callicula continued the range of hills northwards, dividing the Falernian plain westward from the upper valley of the Vulturnus on the east.

3. exciderunt, sc. animo, "were forgotten."

4. Carthalo. Perhaps the same who (ch. lviii.) was sent to Rome, after the battle of Cannæ, to negotiate. He commanded the garrison at Tarentum, and was killed there when that place was taken by the Romans, B.c. 208. (Bk. XXVII. ch. xvi).

6. ne ab Sinuessa. Hannibal was now, in fact, entirely hemmed in. He had the range of the Falernian plain, but the Vulturnus, from Casilinum to the sea, barred his way to the south; on the east, from Casilinum to Cales, "the hills formed an unbroken barrier, steep and wooded, the few paths over which were already secured by Roman soldiers;" Cales itself, on the north-east, stopped the outlet from the plain of the Latin road; on the west was the and north-west the pass of Tarracina, by securing which, Fabius blocked the Appian road.

sea,

XVI.a. haud dubie æquiore loco, i. e. Romanis magis commodo.

b. carptim, "at different places."

4. Liternas arenas, &c. The Liternus near the sea formed

1

a large marshy pool, called the Literna Palus, which was bordered on either side by more extensive marshes. The coast for some distance was very barren and unhealthy. Liternum is chiefly famous as the place to which Scipio Africanus exiled himself.

5. ludibrium oculorum, "to deceive the eyes of the enemy." commentus, "having devised," from commi

niscor.

XVII. 2. irrita, "ineffectual," i. e. to shake off the fire. 3. ut humana apparuit, "when it was clear that the cheat was of man's device."

4. in agro Allifano. Hannibal made his escape, over Mount Callicula into the valley of the Vulturnus, above Casilinum, crossed the river, and encamped in the territory of Allifæ.

XVIII. 3. armorum habitu, "the nature of their arms." -campestrem hostem, "an enemy accustomed to fight on the plain."―statarium, "trained to keep their ground,” i.e. unused to the quick evolutions of irregular light troops. See Bk. Ix. ch. xix.

6. per Samnium. Hannibal now "mounted the valley of the Vulturnus, towards Venafrum, marched from thence into Samnium, crossed the Apennines, and descended into the rich Pelignian plain by Sulmo, which yielded him an ample harvest of plunder; and thence retracing his steps into Samnium, he finally returned to the neighbourhood of his old quarters in Apulia." Arnold, vol. iii. p. 123.

7. Gereonium, al. Geronium, or Gerunium. A small place, (Livy calls it "castellum inops Apuliæ," Bk. xxii. ch. xxxix.), about twenty-five miles north-west of Luceria, on the edge of the Apulian plain. Polybius (iii. 100) says that the inhabitants were put to the sword, but the town

was left as a magazine for the army, which occupied a fortified camp outside the walls. Cf. inf., ch. xxiii. § 4.

8. a. Larinate agro. Larinum is about four miles north of Gerunium.

b. revocatus...agens. These nominatives have no verb. The construction might have been completed regularly with Romam est profectus, instead of which the sentence hæc nequicquam...equitum is interposed.

XIX.-XXII. Progress of the war in Spain, в.c 217. Cn. Scipio surprises the Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of the Iberus, and captures twenty-five out of forty ships; becomes master of the whole coast; ravages the country round Carthagena; crosses to the island of Ebusus and lays it waste, though unable to take the chief town; receives embassies for peace from the Balearic islands, and several of the Spanish tribes, and defeats an insurrection of Mandonius and Indibilis, two chiefs.

On the arrival of P. Corn. Scipio, about four months after the Trasimene battle, with reinforcements, the two brothers march upon Saguntum, gain possession of the Spanish hostages held by Bostar the governor, and win great favour among the tribes by giving them their liberfy.

The close of B.C. 217 finds the Romans in secure possession of the country north of the Iberus, masters of all the east coast, and steadily winning their way among the tribes of the interior, Hasdrubal having enough to do to keep under the Celtiberi, who had revolted at Scipio's instigation.

XIX. 2. Carthagine: Carthago Nova.

3. a. primo idem consilii fuit, i. e. confligendi cum hoste. b. delecto milite ad naves imposito, sc. navibus.

c. altero ab Tarracone die, "on the second day after leaving Tariaco."

8. Vixdum omnes, &c, "scarcely had all got on board, before some casting loose the hawsers (resolutis aris), stand out to their anchors, (i, e, until brought to by their anchors); others, that there might be nothing to hold them, cut their cables," &c. The ships were near the beach, anchored seaward from the prows, and made fast to the shore by hawsers from their sterns. oris, "the hawsers from the stern to the shore." anchoralia, "the cables of the anchors."

XX. 1. insequuti...cepere, According to the present text it would appear that the Romans captured all the vessels which had not run ashore, but the negative non is evidently wrongly retained: some of the Carthaginian ships escaped up the river, others ran ashore and were hauled off by the Romans.

3. Onusam, al. Honoscam, place under either name.

Nothing is known of the

4. Longunticam, This place is also unknown. There was a district near Carthago Nova, called Spartarius Campus, which produced a peculiar kind of long grass (spartum) used for making ropes and mats. Longuntica may have been the place where this material was shipped.

5. Ebusum insulam, One of the Pityusæ insulæ. There were two islands close together, which were often confounded, as has probably been done by Livy here, under one name. The larger was called Ebusus (Iviza), the smaller Ophiusa (Formentara). They were about 100 miles from the nearest Spanish promontory. The Balearic islands lie a good deal farther to the east, and did not anciently include Ebusus and Ophiusa, though in the modern sense they do. The islands were taken possession of for the Romans by Q. Cæcilius Metellus, surnamed Balearicus, B.c. 123,