WILE (from Figlian) and GUILE (from Le-piglian) is that by which any one is deceived.

GUILT is Le-pigled, guiled, guil'd, guilt: the past participle of Le-piglian. And to find GUILT in any one, is to find that he has been guiled, or, as we now say, be-guiled: as wicked means witched or be-witched. To pronounce GUILT is indeed to pronounce wicked.

GULL is the past tense (formed in the usual manner, by the change of the characteristic letter) and means merely a person guiled or beguiled.

At this day, we make a wide distinction between GULL, the past tense, and GUILT, the past participle; because our modern notions of enchantment, sorcery, and witchcraft, are very different from the notions of those, from whom we received the words. GULL therefore is used by us for guiled or beguiled (subaud. aliquem) without any allusion to witchcraft. But GUILT, being a technical lawterm, keeps its place in our legal proceedings, as the instigation of the devil does; and with the same meaning.(*)

(e) These words have exceedingly distressed our English Etymologists. GUILTY, Minshew says, "a Belg. gelden, i. e. ❝luere, solvere : ut reus.....res enim reorum petitur in judicio.".

Junius...." Lyldan est reddere, solvere. Atque ita gyltig "vel giltie proprie dicetur, qui culpam commissam tenetur "solvere vel ære vel in corpore."

Skinner....." A verbo Inldan, solvere. Et hoc prorsus ex "moribus priscorum Germanorum: qui quævis crimina, imo “homicidium, et, quod vix credideris, etiam regum suorum "cædem, mulctis pecuniariis expiabant."

GULL....Mer. Casaubon derives, by a most far-fetched allusion, from yuλos, pera militaris. Junius and Skinner repeat this; and

F. You seem to have confined yourself almost entirely to instances of the change of the characteristic letters I and y. And in those who have abounded to satiety. But we know that the verbs with other characteristic letters change in the same manner. Have not they also furnished the language with concealed participles, supposed to be substantives and adjectives?

H. Surely. In great numbers.

FOOD In Anglo-Saxon Fod; Fæt; are the FAT Spast participle of the verb Fedan, pascere,

to feed.

MILK One and the same word differently MILCH Spronounced (either CH or к) is the past participle of the verb Melcan, mulgere.

MEAT....In Anglo-Saxon Mæt (whatever is eaten) is the past participle of the verb MATGAN, Metian, edere, to eat.

MESS.... Is the past participle of Metsian, cibare, to furnish meat or food. In French mets: in Italian messo; from the same verb.

have no other derivation to offer; except that Junius says..... "Mihi tamen Angl. GULL non ita longe videtur abire a Scot"Culge: morari blando sermone, palpandoque demulcere.”

"Now him withhaldis the Phinitiane Dido

"And culgeis him with slekit wordis sle.”

Douglas, booke 1, pag. 34.

"And sche hir lang round nek bane bowand raith,
"To gif thaym souck, can thaym culge bayth.”

Douglas booke 8, pag. 266.

"The cur or maists he haldis at smale auayle

And culgeis spangeartis, to chace partrik or quale."

SCRAP....Is the past participle of reneopan, scalpere, radere, to scrape. It means (any thing, something) scraped off.

OFFAL.... The past participle of reallan, Areallan; as Skinner explains it...." quod decidit a

ORT.... This word is commonly used in the plural; only because it is usually spoken of many vile things together. Shakespear, with excellent propriety for his different purposes, uses it both in the singular and plural.

"Where should he haue this gold? It is some poor fragment, some slender ORT of his remain“der.” Timon of Athens, pag. 94.

"The fractions of her faith, ORTS of her loue,

"The fragments, scraps, the bits, and greazie reliques
"Of her ore-eaten faith, are bound to Diomed."

Troylus and Cressida. (pag. 102.) Where you may observe orts, scraps, bits, reliques, all participles.

Skinner says...." ORTS, parum deflexo sensu, "a Teut. Ort, quadrans seu quarta pars: fort. "olim quævis pars, seu portio.".... Which derivation omits entirely the meaning of the word: for ORT is not applicable to every part or portion of a thing.

Lye says....“ Vox est, agro Devoniensi, usita"tissima: unde suspicabar per plerosque Angliæ "comitatus diffusam fuisse : et ex OUGHT (aliquid) "corruptam, quod iis effertur ORT, GH in R pro "more suo, mutato,

PART. II.

At aliter sentire cæpi, cum

Nn

"incidissem in Hib. ORDA, fragmentum. Quod "ut verum etymon non potui non amplecti.”

This groundless derivation of Mr. Lye, which explains just nothing at all, and leaves us where we were, is by Johnson pronounced most reasonable: yet every fragment is not an Ort.

ORTS is, throughout all England, one of the most common words in our language; which has adopted nothing from the Irish, though we use two or three of their words, as Irish. ORTS is merely the past participle of the Anglo-Saxon verb oɲettan, turpare, vilefacere, deturpare. ORET, ORT means (any thing, some thing) made vile or worthless.

HEAT In Anglo-Saxon het, hat, i. e. heated; HOT is the past participle of the verb þætan, calefacere. Hor, as a participle, is sufficiently common: HEAT is rarely so used. however so uses it in Sejanus, act 3.

Ben Johnson

"And fury ever boils more high and strong,
"HEAT with ambition, than revenge of wrong.'

WARM....Fæɲm, Fearm, and yɲmeð, i. e. warmed, are the past tense and past participle of the verb lynman, calefacere.

F. What is LUKE-WARM or LEW-WARM? For I find it is spoken and written both ways. How does it differ from WARM?

"The beryes of iuniper or galbanum beaten to "powder and dronke with LUKE WARMED Wyne.” Byrth of Mankynde, fol. 29, pag. 2.

"Ye maye use in the stede of wyne, LUKE Id. fol. 38, pag. 2.

"WARME mylke."

"Then shall ye geue it her with LUKE WARME Id. fol. 50, pag. 1.

"water.""

"In the wynter with hote water, in the sommer "with LUKE WARME water."

Id. fol. 55, pag. 1.

"Quhare the vyle fleure euer LEW WARME was spred "With recent slauchter of the blude newlie schede."

Douglas, booke 8, pag. 247.

"Besyde the altare blude sched and skalit newe
"Beand LEW WARME thare ful fast did reik."

Douglas, booke 8, pag. 243.

H. LUKE WARM 2 The Anglo-Saxon Flæc, LEW WARM Stepidus (which we corruptly pronounce and write LUKE) is the past participle of Flacian, tepere, tepescere. And LEW, in the Anglo-Saxon lip and leop, is the past participle of blipan, bleopan, tepere, fovere. Nor need we travel with Skinner to the Greek Avw; " quia "tepor humores resolvit et cutim aperit :" nor with Junius to χλιαρος from χλιαίνω.

To say LUKE or LEW WARM is merely saying WARM-WARM. And that it is a modern pleonasm, the following passage in the third chapter of the Apocalyps will, I think, convince you.

:

In the modern version it stands...." I know thy "works, that thou art neither cold nor hot I "would thou wert cold or hot. So then, because "thou art LUKE-WARM, and neither cold nor hot, I "will spue thee out of my mouth."

In the old version, which is called Wickliffes, it is thus given...." I woot thy werkis, for nether "thou art cold nether thou art hote. I wolde thou