NOTES.

227

*The numbering of the sections in these two Grammars is identical.

Pr., Prel.

NOTES.

THE HISTORIES OF LIVY.

BOOKS I, XXI, XXII.

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON ORTHOGRAPHY. - The orthography of the best manuscripts and editions of Livy differs in some respects from that of the later Roman grammarians which prevails in our dictionaries and grammars. Although these differences are not likely to present to students any serious difficulty, a statement of the most important of them is subjoined for the benefit of those who may not have become familiar with them in their previous reading.

1. The final consonant of prepositions in compound words is generally retained, and not assimilated to the following consonant; thus adfero, rather than affero; adlatum, not allatum; adlicio, not allicio; adpendicibus, not appendicibus; adsentio, not assentio; so also con, in, ob, sub, often remain unchanged, as conlatum (collatum), conprehensis (comprehensis), inlatum (illatum), inminens (imminens), inpune (impune), inritus (irritus), obpressit (oppressit), subcedo (succedo), etc. 2. The accusative plural of the third declension ends often in is instead of e8, and sometimes (though rarely) the nominative plural; thus omnis (omnes), finis (fines).-3. The superlative termination umus is found for imus; as optumus (optimus), maxumus (maximus).— 4. The letter j is omitted before i; as deicio (dejicio), reicio (rejicio), traicio (trajicio). - 5. Vo is found instead of vu; as volt (vult), voltus (vultus). — 6. The letters d and t are sometimes interchanged; thus haut (haud), set (sed), adque (atque), aput (apud).—7. C in place of qu before u; as ecus (equus). — A few other peculiarities are noticed as they occur.

PREFACE.

ARGUMENT.-Whether the success of my work will justify my labor in its preparation, I know not; but it is a pleasing task to seek to perpetuate the fame of the foremost people in the world, and if I am outshone by other writers, I shall console myself by the brilliane

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their renown. It is a difficult undertaking to trace back the annals of our city for more than seven hundred years, and most readers will turn more readily from the story of those early days to the exciting incidents of our recent civil strife. For me, however, the withdrawal of my thoughts from our present evils is a part of my reward.

The mythical stories with which the origin of Rome has been invested, I neither accept nor deny. If any people be allowed to claim the god of war as their founder, it should be the Romans. But I would call attention to the ways of life, the men, the manners, and the institutions, by which our empire was built up; and to the sad effects of declining discipline and increasing luxury, until we have come to times when we can neither bear our vices nor their remedies. This is the important lesson of history, teaching us by examples what we should pursue, and what we should avoid. If I am not mistaken, no state was ever richer than ours in good examples, nor ever retained longer the frugality and the purity of its best days. Though luxury of late has made fearful inroads, I would begin without ill-omened lamentation, and with prayers for a successful issue of my work.

13 1. Facturusne.. sim, Whether I shall do anything worth the while. A dependent interrogative clause ("indirect question"), following scio. The first four words can be scanned as the beginning of a dactylic hexameter verse, - an arrangement generally avoided in prose. But Tacitus begins his Annals with a complete hexameter: Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. — 1, 2. Si perscripserim, if I shall write, or, in the ordinary English idiom, If I write. Perfect subjunctive, in a subordinate proposition, representing a subjunctive future-perfect. M. 379.-2. Res, the history.-3. Nec, si sciam, dicere ausim, nor, if I were to know, should I venture to tell. Notice, both in the protasis and the apodosis, the lively use of primary tenses of the subjunctive, where we might have expected the imperfect, as the condition is contrary to the fact just stated (nec scio). With rhetorical vivacity (and Livy was nothing if not a lively rhetorician), this knowledge is spoken of as something that may still be gained: almost as if we were to say (in English) nor if I shall know, shall I venture, etc. See M. 347, b, and Obs. 1; H. 504, 1; A. & S. 261, 2, Rem. 3; B. 1265, 1266; A. 59, IV. 1; G. 381, 382. — Quippe qui

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videam, certainly [not], for I see. Quippe adds emphasis to the 13 assigning of the reason of the principal proposition by the relative clause.3, 4. Cum - tum, both and.-4. Rem, i. e. this expectation (of doing something worth one's pains). — Dum, inasmuch as. The idea of contemporaneous time (while), which dum conveys, passes into that of cause. 5. In rebus, in the facts, in the matter (stated).-7. Utcumque erit, however it shall be, i. e. whatever my success. - Juvabit, sc. me (ipsum consuluisse). The omission of me, however, leaves the statement general. 8. Memoriae, dative after consuluisse. — Pro virili parte, i. e. what in me lies. —10, 11 Sit, consoler. Translate these present subjunctives with shall; — shall be, I shall console myself. Nobilitate, with the renown.-11. Res, my subject. "In this sentence there is a sort of confusion between the history" (quae— repetatur) " and the subject of the history, i. e. the Roman Empire" (quae — creverit, etc.). S. -Est with the genitive (inmensi operis), demands. 12. Et, both. The corresponding and follows at the beginning of line 15. Ut quae, as one which. Ut strengthens the relative clause with the subjunctive assigning the Septingentensimum annum from the founding of the city. Livy wrote this Preface sometime in the years 27-25 B. C. The traditional date of the founding of Rome is B. C. 753. 14. Jam laboret, begins to be overburdened. S.-17. Nova, sc. tempora. The time of the civil wars. Haec is properly used here of times present or near to the historian. — Quibus, in which. — 17, 18. "Jam pridem. To be taken with conficiunt. He considers the whole period of the civil war, that is, from the passage of the Rubicon (B. C. 49) to the battle of Actium (B. C. 31), together." S.-19. Contra, here adverb, not preposition. 21. Illa tota, Hz., following the MSS., reads tota illa; but Mg., as had the older editors generally, sees that the sense requires the reverse order.

reason.

2. Posset. Mg. reads possit. I follow the MSS. instead of his 14 emendation, considering posset as the apodosis of an implied supposition contrary to fact, such as si intercederet. That the implied supposition is contrary to the fact, is shown by the words omnis expers curae. - 3. Ante conditam condendamve urbem, before the city was founded or intended to be founded; or, before the founding of the city or the design of its founding. The translation given in Madvig's Grammar (414, b, Obs.), and adopted by