first recast after the mind of Socrates. the one-sidedness of the smaller Socratic schools was indirectly instrumental in enforcing the demand for a comprehensive treatment which should connect the different aspects of the Socratic philosophy more closely with each other and with earlier systems, and decide the importance of each one relatively to the rest. In both ways these Schools influenced Plato and Aristotle, Euclid supplying to Plato the basis for his theory of ideas, Antisthenes and Aristippus the groundwork for his theory of the highest good.
Of greater importance is the fact that those followers of Socrates prepared the way for the course taken by philosophy after the time of Aristotle. True as it is that the post-Aristotelian systems are not immediately connected with the imperfect Socratic Schools, and that those systems would have been impossible without Plato and Aristotle; still it must not be forgotten that these thinkers are also deeply indebted to the Socratic Schools. The predominance of practical over intellectual interests which the post-Aristotelian philosophy displays; the moral contentment with which the wise man, withdrawing from everything external, falls back upon the consciousness of his freedom and virtue; the citizenship of the world which can dispense with a country and political interest-all these peculiarities of later times are foreshadowed in the lesser Socratic Schools. The Stoa adopted the moral principles of the Cynics almost in their entirety, only softening them down and expanding them in applica
tion. The same School looks for its logic chiefly to the Megarians besides Aristotle. From the School of Megara too the scepticism of Pyrrho and the Academy branched off, albeit in a somewhat different direction. The teaching of Aristippus reappears in Epicurus, only changed in some details. In short, tendencies, which at an earlier period could only secure a qualified recognition, obtained the upper hand when strengthened, recast, and supplemented by other elements.
Yet even this was not possible until the intellectual strength of Greece had abated, and her political condition had become so far hopeless as to favour the view that indifference to everything external could alone lead to peace of mind. Previously the intellectual sense had been too quick, and the Greek spirit too keen, to allow the hard-won results of the Socratic philosophy to be thus frittered away. That philosophy according to its deeper bearings must needs issue in a science of conceptions such as was set forth by Plato and Aristotle.
Only by separating the various but inwardly connected elements of the Socratic teaching, only by confounding the form in which Socrates clothed his teaching with that teaching itself, and mistaking defects in manner for defects in matter, could philosophy be limited to metaphysics so abstract and a criticism so empty as the Megarian, to morals so unintellectual and absolutely negative as those of the Cynics; or could the doctrine of Aristippus pass for truly Socratic. Whilst therefore these Schools
are not without importance for the progress of Greek philosophy, their intellectual productions cannot be valued very highly. A truer understanding and a more comprehensive treatment of the Socratic philosophy, was the work of Plato.
ACADEMICIANS, 269
Academy, older, 50; connected with Plato, 51; new, 4 Accusation, the, of Socrates, 193 Eschines, view of Socrates, 76; assigns the reason for the con- demnation of Socrates, 211; a disciple of Socrates, 245; his prose preferred by some to that of Xenophon, 245 Eschylus, illustrating the state of thought in the fifth century, B.C., 6; on the boundary line between two periods, 9; difference be- tween, and Sophocles, 12; con- trasted with Euripides, 16 Ethiops, a pupil of the elder Ari- stippus, 342
Agatho, the dainty elegance of,
Alcibiades, of Plato's, 78; allows
that the discourses of Socrates seem rude, 80; fascinated by Socrates, 183, 184; his connec- tion with Socrates, 207, 214, 219, 221
Alexinus, a native of Elis, notorious
for his captiousness, 253; two arguments of his known, 268; attacked by Menedemus the Ere- trian, 282
Anaxagoras, his teaching referred
to by Euripides, 19; proves that
spirit alone can make a world out of matter, 42; teaching known to Socrates, 57; extravagant theories of, 135; his view of God as the Reason of the world, 176; his atheism charged on Socrates,
Ancient morality, relation of So- crates to, 226
Anniceris, a Cyrenaic, pupil of Antipater, 343, 375, 379, 385 Antigone of Sophocles, 13 Antipater, a Cyrenaic, pupil of the
elder Aristippus, 342; Hegesias and Anniceris his pupils, 343 Antisthenes, theory of, dangerous to the popular faith, 229; founder of a Socratic School, the Cynic, 247, 284, 291; a native of Athens, 284; rejects every combination of subject and predicate, 277; holds that the One alone exists, 279; the teacher of Diogenes, 286; his character, 291; ex- presses himself in favour of cul- ture, 293; his nominalistic theory, 297; prefers madness to pleasure, 305; how led to his views, 307; allows that some kinds of pleasure are good, 308; makes virtue consist in know- ledge, 310, 311; considers mar- riage unnecessary, 320; censures popular government, 322; doubts
popular faith, 327; assails my. steries, 329; makes happiness the end of philosophy, 346; de- viates from teaching of Socrates, 374; inconsistencies of, 386 Anytus, the accuser of Socrates, 193; his dislike for Socrates, 203; based on some supposed personal injury, 205, 206, 207; a leading democrat, 211; a vio- lent opponent of the Sophists, 218; supposed to uphold ancient morality, 231
Aphrodite, story of, in Euripides, 17
Apollonius of Cyrene, surnamed Cronos, 251
Apology, 101; the language of
Socrates in, 79; sifting of men described in, 125; cautious lan- guage of, on a future life, 153; moral considerations dwelt on by Socrates in his, 185; proves that popular opinion about So- crates agreed with the picture drawn by Aristophanes, 215; Xenophon's, 205
Archilaus, teaches that the spirit returns to the ether, 19; falsely said to have been a teacher of Socrates, 57
Archipylus, an Elean philosopher, 280
Arete, daughter of the elder Ari- stippus, 341
Arginusæ, state of public feeling after battle of, 207; Socrates hazarded his life to save the victors at, 225
Aristides, the time of, 231; sup- posed relationship of, to So- crates, 62, n.
Aristippus, connection of his teach-
ing to that of Socrates, 155; doc- trine of, 392; founder of a Socra- tic School, the Cyrenaic, 247, 337; independent in character, 339; his pupils, 341; the Cyrenaic
doctrine his, 344; studied Ethics exclusively, 346; thinks happi- ness the end of philosophy, 347, 375, 385; considers enjoyment an end in itself, 347, 376; theory of highest good, 391; develop- ment of his leading thought, 348; considers feeling produced by internal motion, 352; con- duct and views of, 352, 361; a free-thinker, 367; greatly in- debted to Socrates, 368; not a degenerate pupil of Socrates, 370, 375; has many Socratic traits, 372; dispenses with property and enjoyment, 373; deviates further from Socrates than Antisthenes, 374; his scanty remarks on the origin of im- pressions, 374; his principles adhered to by Theodorus, 379; and by Hegesias, 380; teaching reappears in Epicurus, 392 Aristippus the younger, grandson of the elder Aristippus, 341;. his pupils, 342 Aristophanes, illustrating the pro- blem of philosophy, 29; an enemy of innovation, 29, 108, 114, 217, 218; his play of the 'Clouds' supposed to have been suggested by Anytus, 203, 206 [see Clouds]; considered So- crates a dangerous teacher, 207;: opposes him on patriotic grounds,. 209; charges Socrates with So- phistic display, 221 Aristotelian distinction between
philosophy and convention, 312 Aristotle, his physical discussions, 45; subordinate to metaphysics, 40; expands the conceptional philosophy of Socrates, 42, 47, 128; adheres to Idealism, 41, 49; his criticism of Plato's Ideas, 49; his ethical views, 46; the ripe fruit of Greek philoso- phy, 50; influenced by imper--
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