ARI

fect Schools, 50; introduces in-
ductive method, 129; his notices
of Socratic philosophy, 101, 104,
137; agree with those of Plato,
181, 182; and supplement those
of Xenophon, 183; his view of
the chief merit of Socrates, 132;
attacked by Eubulides, 251; de-
nies that any propositions are
false, 301; gives logic to the
Stoics, 391

Aristotle of Cyrene, a contem-
porary of Theodore, 344
Aristoxenus, account of Socrates,
58, n.; disparaging, 70, 2
Asceticism of Neoplatonists, 46;
of Antisthenes, 305; of post-
Aristotelians, 45

Asclepiades removes Elean School
to Eretria, 280

Asiatic, the state of Xenophon an
A. kingdom, 244

Aspasia, teacher of Socrates, 57; a
friend of Socrates, 166
Athenian polish, 73; taste, 80; de-
mocracy, 169, 194, 223; popular
men, 29; people victims, 30;
tragedians, 4
Athenians, 198, 211, 228; guilt of,

233, 234; repentance of, 201
Athens, central position of, 3;
legendary history of, 28; plague
of, 28; citizens of, 31; their ad-
vantages, 31; state of, after
Peloponnesian war, 28, 29, 30;
intellectual movement going on
at, 54, 55, 183; the abode of So-
crates, 193, 230; state of public
opinion, 234; political intrigues
of, 51; not governed by Sophists,
204; fall of, 218; old constitu-
tion re-established by enemies
of Sophists, 219; ancient glory
of, 219; Gods of, 214; Aristippus
led to Athens, 337
Atomists, views of, known to Socra-
tes, 57

Atreus, story of house of, 8

CLI

Clinomachus, 251
Clytemnestra, of Eschylus, 13;
of Euripides, a doubter, 18
“Clouds,' the, of Aristophanes,
suggested by Anytus, 203, 206;
attack Socrates as a Sophist,
210, 215; scope of, 214; portrait
in, 215, 61, n. 1.
Comedians, illustrating the pro-
blem of philosophy, 29
Conceptions, theory of, characte-
ristic of the Socratic Era, 39,
40, 109; importance of, for So-
crates, 131; defined, 41; com-
mon to Plato and Aristotle, 42;
developed, 47; formation of,
128; proof by, 128, 130; rejected
by Euclid, 259; developed to
Nominalism by Cynics, 297 [see
Dialectic]

Condemnation of Socrates, 198;
causes of, 202; not the work of
the Sophists, 202; not due to
personal animosity, 205; real
causes of, 213; justice of, 220
Connus, reputed teacher of So-
crates, 56, 1

Contemporaries, relation of Socra-
tes to, 231

Conviction, personal, insisted on
by Socrates, 227
Corinth, 251

Corybantic mysteries, 33

Crates, a pupil of Diogenes, 288;
speaks approvingly of culture,
293; displays art, 334
Critias, Sophistic moralising of,
211; fascinated by the wisdom
of Socrates, 183; a pupil of
Socrates, 221; the most unscru-
pulous of the oligarchs, 211
'Crito,' the, of Plato, 152
Cronos, surname of Apollonius,
251; and of Diodorus, 252
Custom, distinction between, and
philosophy, 312

Cynicism, traces of, in Stilpo's
moral teaching, 276, 277

CYR

Cynics, 284; history of, 284; teach-
ing of, 291; morality of, 160,
301; practice of, 314; influence
on the world, 331; go back to
Eleatic doctrine, 248; depreciate
knowledge, 295; Nominalism
of, 300; declare contradiction
impossible, 301; negative side
of morality, 310; positive side,
312; good and evil, 301; virtue,
310; wisdom and folly, 313; re-
nunciation of self, 315, 358, 370;
renunciation of society, 319,
379; the family, 320; civil life,
322; immodesty, 326; rejection
of religion, 276, 327; their views
combined with those of Mega-
rians by Stilpo, 275, 284; said
to have studied Ethics exclu-
sively, 344

Cynic School, a development of
the Socratic, 50, 162, 247; follows
the path of self-denial, 373
Cyrenaics, 337; history of, 337;
teaching of, 344; go back to
Protagoras, 248; practical life
of, 361; position of their system,
369; relation of their philosophy
to Socrates, 369, 374; of their
moral teaching, 372; of their
political views, 374; later, 376;
general position of, 346; view
of happiness, 45, 346; importance
attached to feelings, 346, 352,
358; doctrine of pleasure, 160,
352; the highest good, 354 ;
modified view of, 356; consider
all notions relative, 348; as-
sumed a sceptical attitude to-
wards knowledge, 348, 351; deny
that any pleasures are bad in
themselves, 356; admit degrees
of pleasure, 357; happiness not
the satisfaction of animal in-
stincts, 359; philosophy how
connected with Euemerus, 367;
employ outer world for their
own ends, 373

CYR

Cyrenaic School, a development of
the Socratic, 50, 247; separate
branches of, 343; views advo-
cated within, 376
Cyrene, 251

Cyropædeia, the, of Xenophon,
245

Cyrus, expressions of the dying,
179, 242; intimacy of Xenophon
with, 212

AAIMONION, of Socrates, 66, n. 1,

81; false views of, 82; not a
genius, 82; regarded as a pri-
vate oracle, 84, 89, 96; its field
limited, 90; instances of its in-
tervention, 86; not the same as
conscience, 91; philosophical
view of, 94; said to be substi-
tuted for God, 220; its position
in relation to the popular belief,

229

Damon, reputed teacher of So-
crates, 56, n. 1

Death of Socrates, 200, 201; re-
sults of, 235

Socrates' view of, 179
Defence of Socrates, 196, 197
Delos, sacred ship, delays the
execution of Socrates, 201
Delphic oracle confirms Socrates in
his course of life, 60, and n. 3,
122, n. 1; God, 108
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 277
Demosthenes, a pupil of Eubulides,
251

Depreciation of knowledge by Cy-
nics, 291; limits to, 293
Destruction, views of Diodorus
on, 272

Details of the trial of Socrates,
194-200
Dialectic, a criticism of what is,
133; the art of forming con-
ceptions, 39; a characteristic
of Socratic period, 40; the foun-
dation of Plato's system, 39 [see
Conceptions, Knowledge]

ELE

Dialectical tendency supreme in
Socrates, 39

Didactic poetry illustrating philo-
sophy in fifth century, B.C., 21
Dike, Eschylus' conceptions of, 8
Dioclides, 251

Diodorus, captiousness of, 269;
views on Motion, 269; on De-
struction, 272; on the Possible,
272; surnamed Cronos, 252;
teacher of Philo, 254

Diogenes, initiates Stilpo into
Cynic doctrine, 253; a native of
Sinope and pupil of Antisthenes,
287; uses expressions in favour
of culture, 293; recommends
justice, 308; his asceticism,
320; averse to marriage, 321;
allows marriage of relations,
322; Plato's view of, 331; theory
and practice overlap with, 369

testimony of, to line of argu-
ment pursued in Euclid's time,
265
Diotima, teacher of Socrates, 57, I
Dissen, view on authorities for
Socrates' life, 100
Dodona, doves of, 26
Droyosen, view of Aristophanes,
217, n.

EDUCATION of Socrates, 55, 56,

3, 57, n. 1, 3
Egyptian priestesses in Herodotus,
26

Elean-Eretrian School, 279-283;
history of, 279; teaching of,
281

Eleatic doctrine of the One and
All, 264, 265; difference be-
tween sensual and rational
knowledge, 260; revived by
Cynics, 248; also by Megarians,
250

Eleatics, subtleties of, 255; doc-
trines of, 284

Electra of Euripides, 16, 17

LI

Elis, 253
Elysium, received notions re-
specting, 24

Empedocles, views of, known to
Socrates, 57
Epicharmus, 21

Epicurean view of happiness, 45;
apathy, 46
Epicureanism, an outcome of
Cyrenaic School, 50
Epicureans, on the attainment of
knowledge, 45; make personal
conviction the standard of truth,
116; fond of slander, 70
Epicurus, placed the highest good
in freedom from pain, 354;
gave a new form to the philo-
sophy of pleasure, 376; doctrine
of Aristippus reappears in, 391
Eristic, Megarian, 285; that of
Euclid, 266; of Eubulides, 268;
of Alexinus, 268; of Diodorus,
269; of Philo, 273; of Stilpo,
274

Eros, a passionate attachment
grounded on æsthetic feeling,
76; described, 124, 125, 165
Eretrians, 283

Ethics, the substance of the teach-
ing of Socrates, 132-148, 172,
242 [see Morals]; exclusively
studied by Aristippus, 345
Eubulides, captiousness of, 267;
writes against Aristotle, 251;
the teacher of Demosthenes, 251
Euclid, an intelligent thinker, 156;
fascinated by the attractions of
Socrates, 183; founder of a
Socratic School, the Megarian,
247, 249, 266; makes use of
Eleatic doctrines, 259, 265;
influenced by Heraclitus, 259;
sees true being in incorporeal
species, 259; a counterpart to
Plato, 259; rejects the Platonic
Ideas, 260; denies that capacity
exists beyond the time of exer-
cise, 261; substitutes the Good

GOD

for the One of Parmenides, 262;
rejects explanation by analogy,
265; eristic of, 265; denies mo-
tion, 272; makes virtue consist
in prudence, 304
Eudæmonism of Socrates, 158, 160
Euemerus, the Greek rationalist,
a pupil of Theodore, 343, 378;
connection with Cyrenaics pro-
blematical, 367

Eumenides of Eschylus, 9, 13, 16
Euphantus, a pupil of Eubulides,
252

Europa, rape of, in Herodotus, 26
Euripides, illustrating the state
of thought in the fifth century,
B.C., 6, 14; sceptical verses of,
232; a kindred spirit of the
better Sophists, 15; contrasted
with Eschylus, 16; a rational-
ising poet, 17; despiser of pro-
phecy, 17; tragic movement in,
20
Euthydemus, his view of injustice,
130

Evenus, reputed teacher of So-
crates, 56, 1

GOD

Gods, Socrates charged with re-
jecting the, of his country, 213;
Cynic views of, 327
Good, the object of knowledge,

147; practically determined by
custom and utility according to
Socrates, 149; Megarian doc-
trine of, 262; placed in apathy
by Stilpo, 277; identified with
God by Euclid, 263; Cynic doc-
trine of Good and Evil, 301;
Cyrenaic view of the highest
good, 354

Gorgias, Plato's, 152

doubts of, 189, 218, 255;
criticism of, 265; a teacher of
Antisthenes, 285, 295, 327
Grecian peculiarities in the teach-
ing of Socrates, 74, 320
Greece, sweeping changes in, 2;
free states of, 3; gods of, in-
sulted by Persian expedition, 8;
mental development of, 35;
change in inner life of, 184;
moral life of, 226; attention of,
directed to logical criticism,
265

Greek, mode of, thought, 186, 230;
morality, 226, 229, 242; faith,
229; problem proposed to phi-
losophy in Socrates' time, 2;
life involves a contradiction, 7;
morality debased, 76; peculiar-
ity, 166; progress of, 392; pre-
judice against manual labour,

IDE

Hegesias, a Cyrenaic pupil of An-
tipater, 343, 376; adheres to
the maxims of Aristippus, 380;
considers life full of trouble,
381; identifies pleasure with the
good, 383; denies the position
of Aristippus, 385
Helen, story of, 26
Hellas united, 3
Heraclitus, doctrines of, conveyed
to Sicily by Sophists, 4; views
of, known to Socrates, 57; idea
of God, 176; early scepticism
of, 243; view of the phenomenal
world, 259; his doctrine of the
perpetual flux of things, 350
Hercules, patron saint of the Cy-
nics, 306; a doubter in Euri-
pides, 18

Hermæ, mutilation of, 207, 214
Herodotus, exemplifying the state

of culture in Greece in fifth
century, B.C., 24; piety and
credulity of, 25, 27; a friend of
Sophocles, 24; but a doubter, 26
Hesiod, verses of, quoted by So-
crates, 222