BUBON, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Pentandria, order Digynia. Generic character: fruit ovate, striated, villous.

This genus belongs to the natural tribe Umbelliferæ. The most important species is the B. Galbanum. Leaflets ovato-cuneiform, acute, sharply serrated, umbels few, seeds smooth, stem frutescent, glaucous.

This plant is perennial and grows in Africa. It abounds with a milky juice, which sometimes exudes from the joints of the old plants, but is more frequently obtained by cutting them across some inches above the root. The juice which flows from the wound soon hardens, and is the Galbanum which is brought to us from Syria and the Levant.

The best sort of Galbanum consists of pale coloured pieces about the size of a hazel nut, which on being broken, appear to be composed of clear white tears, of a bitterish acrid taste, and a strong peculiar smell. But it most commonly occurs in agglutinated masses, composed of yellowish or reddish and clear white tears, which may be easily torn asunder, of the consistence of firm wax, softening by heat, and becoming brittle by cold, and mixed with seeds and leaves. That which is mixed with sand, earth, and other impurities, and is of a brown or blackish colour, interspersed with no white grains, of a weak smell, and of a consistence always soft, is bad.

Galbanum agrees in virtue with Gum ammoniacum, but is generally accounted less proper in asthmas, and more so in hysterical complaints. It is exhibited in the form of pills or emulsion, to the extent of about a drachm. Applied externally, it is supposed to resolve and discuss tumours, and to promote suppuration. Besides the B. Galbanum, there are four other species natives of the Cape of Good Hope and Sicily.

BUBONOCELE, in Surgery, from Boußwv, the groin, and ŋŋ, a tumour, a rupture of the groin, or inguinal hernia, in which the bowels protrude at the abdominal ring. It is distinguished from the enterocele, in which disease they descend into the scrotum.

BUBROMA, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Polyadelphia, order Dodecandria. The only species. is the B. Guazama, or Bastard Cedar, a native of Jamaica.

BUBUKLES, this word is Shakspeare's, or rather Fluellyn's; used in describing Bardolph's nose. One Bardolph, if your maiestie know the man: his face is all

bubukles and welkes and knobs.

NEER.

The name BUCCANEER, was afterwards applied to BUCCA the French and Spanish settlers in the islands of St. Domingo and Tortuga, who employed their whole time in hunting, and who depended for subsistence on the boucanèe or dried and smoked flesh of the beasts which they killed. Hence it passed as a distinctive appellation to their descendants, those extraordinary

adventurers who infested the coasts of the West Indies and of America at the close of the sixteenth century, a brief abstract of whose exploits will be found in our HISTORICAL DIVISION.

BUCCINUM, in Zoology, a genus of the class Mollusca, order Trachelipoda, family Purpurifera of Lamarck. Generic character: shell ovate or ovatoconical; aperture longitudinal, emarginate at the base; no canal; columella not depressed, turgid at the upper part.

The genus Buccinum, as it comes out of the hands of Lamarck, is wonderfully reduced from its former unreasonable extent. Although the genera Harpa, Dolium, Monoceros, Concholepas, &c. have been separated from it, there is still considerable variety in the species of which it is composed, and of which no less than fifty-eight are enumerated by Lamarck. The Common Whelk (B. Undatum) is the type of the genus. It is very common on all our shores, and the animal is eaten by the poor on many parts of the coast. It has two conical tentacula bearing the eyes shorter than the shell: there is a long trunk issuing at the external part of the base: the foot is somewhat by the notch at the base; and the shell is closed by a horny operculum, attached to the foot.

Cuv.; barbet, Lath.; in Zoology, a genus of animals BUCCO, from the Latin bucca, the cheek, Briss., belonging to the order Scansores, class Aves. Generic sides of the base; furnished with five bundles of stiff character: beak large and conical, prominent at the bristles; wings short; general figure heavy.

These birds have derived their generic name from the prominence of their bills at the base, which Brisson head is ornamented with five bundles of stiff hairs or thought had some resemblance to the cheek. The nostrils and the base of the lower jaw, and the fifth bristles facing forwards; one on each side of the under the chin. They are found in Africa and the heavy birds. Cuvier has thought proper to subdivide warmer parts of Asia and America, and are very dull

them into three, a the Barbicans, which seem to connect the Toucans with ẞ the Barbets, and the Tamatias.

a The Barbicans.

Two deep notches in each side of the upper mandible, of which the culminating edge is blunt and arched; lower mandible furrowed transversely below. B. Dubius, Lath.; Pogonias Sulcuostus, Leach; le Barbican, Buff. Groove-beaked Barbet, is about nine inches long; upper part of the body, wings, and tail black, with white spots on the back; the whole of the under part red; legs brownish. This forms, with another species, the P. Lævirostris, Dr. Leach's genus Pogonias. It is a native of Barbary.

B The Barbets Proper.

Beak simply conical, slightly compressed; its culminating edge slightly raised in the middle.

BUCCO.

B. Grandis, Gmel.; le Grand Barbu de la Chine, Buff.; Great Barbet, Lath. Length eleven inches; beak nearly two inches long, whitish, tip black, its base covered with strong black bristles; general colour green; head and fore part of the neck bluish, back part of a chestnut brown; legs dusky red. Native of China and India, in the latter country it is called Honest-face.

B. Viridis, Gmel.; le Barbu de Mahé, Buff.; Green Barbet, Lath. Rather more than half the size of the preceding; beak similar to it; head and neck greyish brown, with a white spot above and below the eyes; the rest of the body green. Native of India.

B. Lathami, Gmel.; Buff-faced Barbet, Lath. Size of the last; the bristles round the root of the beak longer than the beak itself; head of a buff colour; rest of the body of an olive green; legs and claws yellow. Its habitation unknown.

B. Philippensis, Briss.; le Barbu à gorge jaune, Buff.; Yellow-throated Barbet, Lath. Five inches long; beak brown and thick; head as far as the crown red, the remainder of it and the upper parts of the body of a dusky green; the eyes surrounded with a yellow circle; throat and neck yellow; broad transverse red bar on the breast; all the other under parts of a dingy yellow. Native of the Philippines.

B. Rubricapillus, Gmel.; Red-crowned Barbet, Brown. Size of the last; head and throat scarlet; a black badge above either eye, and a white one on each shoulder; back and wings green; belly white; legs red. Inhabits Ceylon. Cuvier seems inclined to think this is a variety of the preceding.

B. Niger, Gmel.; le Barbu à gorge noire, Buff.; Blackthroated Barbet, Lath. Seven inches long; the head, neck, and throat black, except the forehead, which is red; a yellow are surmounts each eye, which passes down on the neck and becomes white, blending with the breast, which, as well as all the under parts, is white; the back is black, with a yellow spot on each side of its upper part; legs black. Native of the Philippines. B. Magnanensis, Briss.; le beau Tamatia, Buff.; Beautiful Barbet, Lath. Size of a Sparrow; the top of the head, sides, and throat red, edged with light blue; upper part of the body and tail green, lower parts white spotted with green; neck and breast of a deep yellow, with a large red badge on the lower part of the breast; legs cinereous, as is also the beak, which is edged and tipped with white. Native of South America, on the banks of the Amazon river.

B. Parvus, Gmel.; le Barbu du Senegal, Buff.; Little Barbet, Lath. Size of a Titlark; general colour above brownish, below white, with brown stripes; throat yellow; legs flesh-coloured. Native of Senegal.

B. Zeylanicus, Gmel.; Yellow-cheeked Barbet, Brown. Rather larger than a Sparrow; general colour green; beak red; head and neck brownish; feathers of wing coverts spotted white; legs pale yellow; eyes sur rounded with a yellow zone. Native of Ceylon, where it is called Kottorea, from its cooing like a Turtle.

B. Cayanensis, Briss.; le Barbu du Cayenne, Buff.; Cayenne Barbet, Lath. Length seven inches; forehead and throat red, with a white line extending across the head from eye to eye, behind which the head is black and grey, with a golden gloss; the upper part of the body black, the feathers edged with gold; the under parts yellowish white; wing coverts black; tail cuneiform, olive brown above, cinereous below;

thighs olive green, legs and claws ash-coloured. BUC Native of Cayenne and St. Domingo.

The B. Peruvianus and B. Nigrothorax of Le Vail- BUCI lant, are considered by Cuvier as varieties of the last TAU species.

B. Fuscus, Gmel.; White-breasted Barbet, Lath. Size of a Lark; beak black, but yellow at its base ; tail cuneiform. Native of Cayenne.

The Tamatiæ.

Beak longer and more compressed, with the extremity of the upper mandible bent downwards.

B. Macrorhynchos, Gmel.; le plus grand Barbu à gros bec, Buff.; Great Pied Burbet, Lath. This species is remarkable for the size of its bill, which is black and hooked; forehead, throat, fore part of the neck, circle round the eyes, which extends round the nape of the neck and the belly, white; the crown and nape of the neck, with all the other parts black, except the vent, which is white, and the sides and thighs which are black and white mixed. Native of Cayenne.

B. Melanolencos, Gmel.; Lesser Pied Barbet, Lath. Very similar to the preceding, only smaller. It is considered by some persons as the young of that species.

B. Tamatia, Gmel.; le Barbu à ventre tacheté de Cayenne, Buff.; Spotted-bellied Barbet, Lath. Rather larger than a Sparrow; beak black, half covered with bristles; head very large and reddish; a collar of black and red surrounds the neck; a black spot behind the eyes; throat orange; general colour reddish white spotted with black; legs black. Native of the Brazils.

See Linnæi, Systema Naturæ à Gmelin; Buffon, Histoire Naturelle; Brisson, Ornithologie; Cuvier, Règne Animal; Latham, General Synopsis of Birds.

BUCENTAUR, a State galley which belonged to the Doges of Venice, so called, according to Sansovino, quod fabricetur navilium (navalium) duorum hominum (Venetia Descritta, 1581, fol. 160.) He states also that this magnificent vessel was built in 1311; that it is divided from stem to stern by a long corridor separating the seats, which are arranged on either side; that it blazes with gold externally, and is surmounted by a crimson awning; and that underneath the standard which waves at its prow, reclines a large image of Justice.

It was in this vessel that the Doges were used to receive foreign Princes and Ambassadors, and from it the annual solemnity of espousing the sea was performed on the feast of the Ascension. When the Doge Sebastian Ziani had refused to deliver up to the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa, Pope Alexander III. who had taken refuge in Venice after the capture of Rome and the Pontificate, the Emperor despatched a naval armament of seventy-five ships, under his son Otto, against the Venetians in the year 1176. Ziani fearlessly encountered the hostile fleet with not more than thirty ships, and having obtained a complete victory off Salbuda in Istria, brought Otto prisoner to his Capital. The Pope sent him a valuable ring as an acknowledgment, with the following message. Ricevi questo o Ziani, col quale tu et tuoi soccessori userete ognɩ anno di sposare il mare. Acciochè i posteri intendino, che la Signoria d'esso mare, acquistata da voi per antico Et che il mare. possesso et per ragion di guerra, è vostra. è sottoposto al vostro dominio COME LA MOGLIE AL MARITO. Accordingly on the feast of the Ascension,

BUCEN- after the Adriatic had been propitiated by a libation of TAUR. holy water, the Doge, attended with a numerous corBUCEROS tege of the Senate and Clergy, was used to embark from the church of S. Nicoio, where mass was performed; the procession then moved slowly to the mouth of the harbour, when after offering up prayers, the Doge dropped a ring into the sea with the following words, Desponsamus te, mare, in signum veri perpetuique dominii. Bernardo Georgio, a Venetian Senator, who amused himself by writing doggerel Latin verse on all the festivals of his nation, has immortalized this solemnity, which is termed the Andata alle due Castelli, in the following strains.

Milite collecto multisque triremibus auctus,
Intulit in Venetos Rex Otho bella Patres,

Quod Dux Pontificem Hospitio servasset in urbe hâc,
Apprensum nollet quodque dedisse sibi.
Contra quem validas Veneti eduxere triremes,
Hosteque devicto mox rediere domum;
Captivos Regem secum comitesque trahentes,

Remigium, scaphas, tegmina, signa, tubas.
Unde Duci excelsos Papa est largitus honores,
Cui Maris unà etiam contulit imperium.
Hine Bucentauro vehitur Dux quolibet anno,
Hinc epulo nautas prosequiturque Patres.

BUCEROS, from Boûs, an Ox, and képas, a horn, Lin., Cuv.; Hornbill, Lath.; in Zoology, a genus of animals belonging to the family Syndactyles, order Passerini, class Aves. Generic character: beak very large, hooked downwards, notched, and surmounted at its base by a large horny appendage nearly as big as the beak itself, but varying in form, and of a cellular structure within; nostrils, close to base of beak, oval and patulous; feet short, and toes distinct.

The birds which form this genus are remarkable for being allied with the Toucans by the size of their beak; with the Kingfishers and Bee-eaters in the form of their feet; and with the Raven genus in their general habits. They live indiscriminately both on vegetables and the smaller kinds of animals, and do not even despise carrion. Some of them have the horny crest, whilst others either do not have it at all or only very small, which has induced Cuvier to make two divisions, those with and those without crests.

a With Crests.

B. Rhinoceros, Lin., Cuv.; Calao Rhinoceros, Le Vaillant; Corvus Indicus Cornutus, Will.; Rhinoceros Hornbill, Lath. This bird is about the size of a Turkey, and of a blue black colour; the tail tipped with white; eyes black, lashes long and black; the beak about ten inches long, and having at its root a large crest, which extends some distance along the beak and then turns back in a contrary direction; a black line divides the crest in two parts, the upper of which is a bright red, the lower yellow, the bases of the crest and beak are black, and the beak itself yellow. The bird is a native of Java, and in progression hops along on both legs like the Raven; they are said to hunt Rats and Mice, and having destroyed them by squeezing them flat with their bill, toss them up in the air and catch them as they descend.

The B. Africanus is considered by Cuvier as a young bird of the above species. It is considered sacred by the Negroes, who never destroy it, having a superstition that the death of one of them produces cold to the whole district. M. Geoffroy, having shot one, was severely reproached by the Negroes, who put their

noses to the crest to prevent the injury which they BUCEROS expected would arise from the animal's destruction. B. Niger, le Calao à casque en croissant, Le Vaill.; Crescent Hornbill, Shaw. General characters similar to the B. Rhinoceros; the tail crossed with a very broad black bar; the crest similar in shape to a boat fixed longitudinally by its keel to the upper mandible, its top flat, and the two ends rising up before and behind the root of the mandible, the anterior rather the longest. Native of Java.

B. Africanus, Lath.; Brac ou Calao d'Afrique, Buff.; African Hornbill, Shaw; similar to the B. Rhinoceros, except that the tip of the casque runs straight forward and does not curve back.

B. Monoceros, Shaw; Calao de Malabar, Buff.; Pied Hornbill, Lath.; is described by Buffon as being about the size of a common Raven; the head and neck black, and the feathers of those parts capable of being bristled up as in the Jay; back and wings also black, with a greenish tinge; breast and belly of a dingy white; the three outer feathers of the wings and tail white, those of the tail being shorter than the others give it a rounded form; legs black, thick, strong, arched lashes; the crest of this bird follows the curscaly; eyes reddish brownish, lids furnished with long vature of its bill, but is about two inches shorter, the bill being four inches long; a distinct furrow separates the bill from the crest, and the latter extending on the head is there covered with living skin; the bill is of a very tough horny structure almost as strong as bone, pressed; the root of the bill is surrounded with a fold whilst the crest is so thin that it can easily be black edges, the crest is black. The crest is frequently of white skin, and is of a yellowish white colour with much injured by striking against the branches of trees, the bark of which the Hornbill tries to detach for the purpose of getting at the insects which lurk beneath it. In consequence of their fondness for insects, they are carefully reared in Ceylon for the purpose of keeping the houses clear of vermin. Their cry is very East Indies, living among withered trees, in the holes similar to that of a Turkey. They are natives of the of which they deposit their eggs. The female is not so large as the male, and has the crest smaller.

B. Ginginianus, Lath.; le Calao de Gingi, Sonnerat ; Gingi Hornbill, Shaw; length two feet from tip of beak to that of tail; the upper part of the bird ash coloured, breast and lower parts white; legs dusky; the smaller quill feathers tipped white, and the tail marked with a black bar tipped with white; the crest extends along half of the upper mandible and terminates in a projecting horn; upper ridge of upper mandible, and lower of lower mandible white, the rest black. It is a native of Gingi in India.

B. Albirostris, Shaw; le Calao à bec blanc, Le Vaill.; White-beaked Hornbill, Shaw. This bird, Dr. Shaw is inclined to believe, is a variety of the B. Monoceros ; Cuvier, however, considers it a distinct species. It is twenty inches long, of which the tail occupies ten, and the bill four inches; the crest differs from the B. Monoceros in being gibbous and smooth on the sides, whilst that of the other is flat and furrowed; it also terminates at its base in a harder horny root than the crest itself, whilst that of the Monoceros terminates in skin. The mandibles and mouth are perfectly black within, but externally both the mandibles and crest are white like ivory; the feathers at the back of the

BUCEROS head are long and slender, forming a pendant black crest; the upper parts of the body are black; the wings, side feathers of the tail, and under parts of the body white; legs black; orbits surrounded with bare skin, as is also the root of the lower mandible. This bird was sent to Le Vaillant from Chandernagor.

B. Bicornis, Lin.; le Calao bicorne, Le Vaill.; Bifid Casqued Hornbill, Shaw; Philippine Hornbill, Lath.; about the size of a female Turkey; black above, white beneath; tail, except the two middle feathers, marked with a white bar; the bill yellowish, having a crest which terminates in two hornlike processes; the roots of the mandibles and crest edged with black. Native of India.

There is a variety of this species not larger than a common Hen, with the back reddish, and the belly black; great quill feathers fulvous; tail white; the crest is nearly three inches broad and flat at top. It is a native of the Philippines, and considered sacred by the Gentoos. See Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxiii. in which there is an account of it by Camelli.

B. Cavatus, le Calao à casque concave, Le Vaill.; Concave-Casqued Hornbill, Shaw; very similar to the last species, except that the fore part of the crest is truncated and white; the shape of both being longitudinally concave; the whole of the body is black, saving the neck, which is of a pale ochre colour. It is a native of the Philippine islands.

In consequence of the colour of the bird being ash grey when young, Buffon has been led into error, and described a young bird of this species under the name of Calao des Moluques, or B. Hydrocorax.

B. Violaceus, le Calao Violet, Le Vaill.; Violaceous Hornbill, Shaw; is rather smaller than the B. Monoceros, but similar to it in having the crest flat on the sides; the bill is whitish or yellowish white, and has the same shape as the B. Albirostris; the roots of the crest and mandibles are marked with a crimson band, which extends beneath the eyes, and is there crossed by two black bars; eyes of a bright red brown; the general colour of the bird, when seen in a strong light, is violet. Native of Ceylon. M. Le Vaillant saw it in a menagerie at the Cape of Good Hope, where it settled all the disputes of its fellows, by running in amongst them and dispersing them with its bill; and he had seen it put to flight even the Ostrich.

B. Abyssinicus, Lath.; Calao d' Abyssinie, Le Vaill.; Abba Gumba, Bruce; Abyssinian Hornbill, Shaw. This bird has been described by Mr. Bruce in his Travels in Abyssinia, he says, it is of a black mixed with sooty black colour; its neck wattled like the Turkey of a light blue, but which turns red when the bird is irritated; the bill is nine inches long, slightly bent the whole length and compressed laterally; the mandibles channelled. The young birds are of a brownish black, with the larger wing feathers reddish white. It is a native of Abyssinia, and builds, if it can, near to the churches, but not high from the ground; it has a very rank smell, and is hence supposed to live on carrion; but Bruce doubts the fact.

B. Undulatus, le Calao à casque festonné, Le Vaill.; Undulated Hornbill, Shaw. This is the most beautiful of the Hornbill genus, from the variety of its colours and the more equal proportion of its bill; its general colour bluish black, tail white, and at the root of the neck, between the shoulders a badge of a reddish brown colour; the roots of the mandibles, the orbits,

and the space between them and the mandibles covered BUCER with bare blue skin; bill whitish, and brown at its base, not very large, but curved and pointed; crest narrow and marked by five or six deep perpendicular furrows on each side. From Batavia; habits unknown.

B. Panayensis, Lin.; le Calao à bec ciselé, Le Vaill.; Furrowed Hornbill, Shaw; about the size of a Raven; colour blue black, the upper half of the tail dirty white; feathers on the back of the head long and pendant; bill and casque of a black horn colour; mandibles furrowed transversely and obliquely by several deep furrows of a reddish brown colour; the crest simple and terminating obtusely in front. Native of India.

B. Fasciatus, le Calao longibandes, Le Vaill.; Stripetailed Hornbill, Shaw; size of a Magpie; bill yellowish brown, its tip of a dirty red colour; crest small and streaked transversely; upper parts of the bird generally black, the under white. Native of Africa.

B. Gallatus, Lath.; le Calao à casque rond, Buff.; Helmet Hornbill, Lath. M. Le Vaillant disputes the propriety of placing this bird amongst the Hornbills, in consequence of the plumes having smooth and close-set barbs like the Anseres. He possessed, however, only the bill of the bird, and ought not to have given an opinion so hastily. Since his time a specimen of the bird itself has been placed in the British Museum, and has proved the propriety of assigning it to this genus. The total length of the bird is four feet, two of which belong to the tail; like most of the others of this genus it is black above and white beneath; the bill is about eight inches long, straight and conical; from the upper part of the upper mandible rises the crest of a squarish forın, rounded behind, and nearly flat in front; the crest and bill are red, except the tip of the beak which is white. It is believed to be a native of the same countries in which the other species are found.

B. Plicatus, Wreathed Hornbill, Lath. The bill of this bird is yellowish, and its crest is formed into several transverse plaits. Native of Ceylon.

B. Coronatus, Le Calao couronné, Le Vaill.; Crowned Hornbill, Shaw. This bird, about the size of the Magpie, has an oblique narrow white stripe passing from behind each eye round the nape of the neck; it has a sharp-edged, smooth, slightly rising crest on the upper mandible; the female has not the white stripe on the head. Native of Africa.

B Without crests.

B. Jovanicus, le Calao Javan, Le Vaill.; Javan Hornbill, Shaw. About the size of a Raven; general colour black, with a greenish gloss, head pale reddish and inclining to yellow on the sides; neck and tail of a dusky white; bill large, brownish, and without crest. Native of Japan.

B. Nasutus, Lin.; Le Toch, Buff.; Senegal Hornbill, Shaw. This species is about as large as a Magpie; the bill very long, measuring three inches, and slightly curved; it has no crest; when the bird is full grown it is black above and white beneath; but whilst young it is of an ash colour; bill black. By some the bill is said to be red in the adult, which has led to the idea of there being two distinct species, which are described by Le Vaillant and Latham, under the names