In dry, principally chalky and clayey pastures, England. Hilly pastures in Scotland; but confined, I believe, to the east side, between the Firth of Forth and Montrose. Fl. July, Aug. 2.-Varying much in height, from 3 or 4 inches to a foot. Flowers rather large, erect. Many slight varieties of this plant are considered as species by the continental Botanists.

9. C. hederácea, L. (ivy-leaved Bell-flower); stem weak filiform, leaves all stalked cordate angulato-dentate glabrous. E. Bot. t. 73.

In moist shady woods, in the south of England, and the west of Scotland; Wales, and Ireland. Fl. July, Aug. 2.— A most graceful little plant, growing in lax tufts like Sibthorpia Europea. Peduncles long, slender, mostly terminal. Flowers half an inch or more in length, at first drooping, then erect; pale purplish-blue. Fruit, which I have on beautiful specimens communicated to me by Mr W. Wilson, from North Wales, an almost globose capsule, ths adhering to the calyx, opening, not at the sides, but in the upper free part, between the persistent segments of the calyx. This is included in the genus Wahlenbergia of Schrader. But it has not the habit of the other Wahlenbergice, which are, as M. Alphonse de Candolle observed to me, all natives of the southern hemisphere.

**Corolla nearly rotate.

10. C. hybrida, L. (corn Bell-flower); stem simple or often branched from the base, leaves oblong crenate waved, corolla widely spreading shorter than the calycine segments, capsule elongated triangular. E. Bot. t. 375.

Corn-fields of a dry and chalky nature, chiefly confined to the middle and southern parts of England: near Guillon, Edinburgh; Dr Balfour. Fl. Aug. O.

33. LONICERA. Linn. Honey-suckle.

1. L.* Caprifólium, L. (pale perfoliate Honey-suckle); flowers ringent whorled terminal sessile, upper leaves connato-perfoliate. E. Bot. t. 799.

Woods and thickets, rare. Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire. In Collinton woods and on Corstorphine hill near Edinburgh, and in hedges at Dalmeny, Linlithgowshire. Fl. June. h.-Berries smooth, of an orange-colour.

2. L. Periclýmenum, L. (common Honey-suckle; Woodbine); flowers ringent capitate terminal, leaves all distinct. E. Bot. t. 800. Frequent in woods and hedges;

Fl. June-Oct.

"And honey-suckle loves to crawl
Up the low crag and ruined wall,"

-Berries red. The stems of this and the last species invariably twine in one and the same direction.

3. L.Xylósteum, L. (upright fly-Honey-suckle); peduncles 2flowered, berries distinct, leaves ovate acuminate entire downy. E. Bot. t. 916.

Thickets; near Sewenshele, Northumberland. Near Houghton Bridge, 4 miles from Arundel, Sussex. Fl. July. An erect shrub; with pale yellowish, small, scentless flowers, succeeded by bright scarlet berries.

-

34. RHAMNUS. Linn. Buckthorn.

1. R.catharticus, L. (common Buckthorn); spines terminal, flowers 4-cleft diœcious, leaves ovate sharply serrated. E. Bot.t. 1629. Woods, hedges and thickets; not unfrequent in England. About Dumfries, Scotland. Near Cork and Lough Earn in Ireland. Fl. May, June. h.-A spreading shrub. Leaves with 4 or 6 strong lateral nerves parallel with the margin or rib; serratures glandular. Flowers in dense fascicles. "In the barren flower the tube of the cal. is campanulate, the segments ovate, 2-ribbed. Pet. 4, oblongo-ovate, inserted below the mouth of the cal., alternate with its segments: Stam. inserted just below the petals: there is an abortive germen visible. In the fertile flower the petals are linear, incurved above. Stam. abortive. Styles 4, united half-way up, spreading. Stigmas small, slightly decurrent along the inner edge of the styles. Germen superior." (Wilson.) Berries black, nauseous, powerfully cathartic. They afford a yellow dye in an unripe state; the bark a green dye.

2. R. Frángula, L. (Berry-bearing Alder; Alder Buckthorn); unarmed, flowers perfect, leaves obovate entire. E. Bot. t. 250.

Woods and thickets in England. Near Auchincruive, Ayrshire. Fl. May. A small shrub. Flowers pedunculate, axillary, somewhat fascicled, whitish-green. Petals very minute. Berries dark-purple, with two seeds, purgative.

35. EUÓNYMUS. Linn. Spindle-tree.

1. E. Europaus, L. (common Spindle-tree); flowers mostly tetrandrous, petals acute, branches glabrous, leaves ovato-lanceolate minutely serrated. E. Bot. t. 362.

Woods and hedges; frequent in England, and the south of Ireland: rare in Scotland. King's Park, near Edinburgh. Fl. May. h.-Shrub 3-5 feet high. Bark green, smooth. Leaves glabrous. Peduncle bearing a few-flowered umbel. Flowers small, white. Fruit obtusely angular, very beautiful, rose-coloured. Arillus orange-coloured.-The berries and even leaves are said to be dangerous, and the whole plant is fetid. Of its tough white wood, skewers and spindles are made, and Linnæus tells us it affords the best charcoal for drawing.

36. Impátiens. Linn. Balsam.

1. I. Noli-me-tángere, L. (yellow Balsam or Touch-me-not); joints of the stem swelling, leaves ovate serrated petiolate, peduncles solitary many-flowered. E. Bot. t. 937.

Moist shady woods in Yorkshire and Westmoreland. Abundant in a wet glen at Castlemilk, near Glasgow. Fl. July, Aug. .-Stem 1 foot high, rounded, succulent, fragile. Flowers large, yellow, spotted with orange. Capsule bursting elastically and scattering its seeds with considerable force: the valves are then spirally twisted.-I. fulva of N. America, (Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2794), grows on the banks of the Wey, near Guildford.

37. VíOLA. Linn. Violet.

* Stemless, or nearly so.

1. V. hírta, L. (hairy Violet); leaves cordate rough as well as the petioles and capsules with hairs, calyx-leaves obtuse,

lateral petals with a hairy central line, creeping scyons none. E. Bot. t. 894.

Woods and pastures in England, principally in a chalky or limestone soil. Rare in Scotland, and, I believe, found only in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. Fl. April, May. 4.-Stigma an oblique point, in this and the 4 following species. Flowers pale, rather dingy blue, scentless. Nearly allied to V. odorata; distinguished, as Mr Curtis well observed, by the short not creeping scyons, by the greater hairiness of the plant, and by the situation of the little bracteas of the scape; here below, in V. odorata, above the middle. "Leaves crenate, rough underneath, and narrower than in V. odorata. I find a monstrosity near Gresford, each petal having a spur, and each anther having a process which enters into the spur; the limb also with many dark purple streaks, and the lateral petals without the usual hairy tuft." Mr Bowman. The flowers of this and the following species are often destitute of petals, and yet bear fruit.

2. V. odoráta, L. (sweet Violet); leaves cordate and as well as the petioles nearly glabrous, calyx-leaves obtuse, lateral petals with a hairy line, scyons creeping. E. Bot. t. 619.—ß. Fl. white, lateral petals without the hairy line. V. suavis, Bieb.

Woods, banks and pastures; frequent in England, very rare in Scotland. Near Slateford and Collinton woods, Edinburgh. Wood near the Castle Rock, Stirling. Hedges between Killiney hill and Bray, Ireland.-6. Shropshire, Mr Leighton. Fl. March, April. 4.-Flowers deep purple, fragrant, often white; in many parts of Devonshire, in the stiff red soil about Torquay especially, I have seen them very commonly of a lilac colour. Bracteas inserted above the middle of the scape. Mr W. Wilson observes that the hairs of the scapes and leaf-stalks are deflexed, which is not the case with V. hirta.

3. V. palustris, L. (marsh Violet); leaves cordate or kidneyshaped quite glabrous veiny beneath, spur very short, lateral petals scarcely hairy, scyons none. E. Bot. t. 444.

Bogs and marshy grounds, less frequent in the south; abundant in the mountains of Scotland, and at a very considerable elevation. Fl April—June, and even in July in the colder regions. Y.-Flowers very pale blue, with purple streaks. The petals are slightly hairy on one side at the base, as Mr W. Wilson well observes; the lateral ones have not a distinct line of hairs.

** Furnished with an evident stem.

4. V. canina, L. (Dog Violet); stem at length ascending channelled, leaves cordate acute, leaflets of the calyx acuminate, stipules long ciliato-dentate, bracteas subulate entire. E. Bot. t. 620.-B. minor. V. flavicornis, Sm. E. Fl. v. i. p. 304. Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2736.

Woods, banks and dry pastures, frequent; and in clefts of rocks upon the mountains at a considerable elevation. Fl. April-Aug. 24.—Variable in regard to size; but, as it appears to me, very constant to the above characters. In mountainous situations, the blossoms are often numerous and large in proportion to the size of the plant. Flowers scentless, blue, purple or sometimes almost white. On the sandy Denes at Yarmouth, and other dry and barren places, this plant is very small in all its parts, and becomes the V. flavicornis.

5. V. láctea, Sm. (cream-coloured Violet); stem ascending, leaves ovato-lanceolate glabrous, stipules dentate, calyx-leaflets acuminate. E. Bot. t. 445.

On mountains and boggy heaths. Near Tunbridge Wells, and in Cornwall. Near Peebles. Brandon Mountain, Ireland. Fl. May. . -A small plant, with its leaves almost lanceolate, and narrower than in the last species, and with pale blue or almost white flowers. But it appears very doubtful if it be really distinct. De Candolle makes it a var. of V. montana of Linn. ; and it seems to agree also with V. lancifolia of Thore, which again De Candolle considers to belong to V. pumila of Villars; to which indeed Mr Borrer would refer this and our var. minor of V. canina.-Capsule scarcely longer than the cal., and turbinate or flattened at top. Miss Warren.

6. V. tricolor, L. (pansy Violet or Heart's Ease); mostly annual, stem angled branched, leaves oblong deeply crenate, stipules lyrate pinnatifid.-z. petals longer than the calyx.-V. tricolor, L.-E. Bot. t. 1287.-V. Curtisi. Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2693.-B., petals shorter than the calyx. V. arvensis, Murr.-Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2712.

Banks and cultivated fields, frequent. B. Corn-fields. Fl. the whole summer... or 4.-Extremely variable, especially in the size and colour of its flowers; yellow in V. Curtisii of Forster. Stigma, in this and the following species, capitate, obliquely perforated.

7. V. lútea, Huds. (yellow mountain Violet or yellow Pansy); perennial, stem much branched at the base filiform, leaves ovatooblong crenate, stipules subpalmato-pinnatifid. E. Bot. t. 721.V. grandiflora, Huds.,-not Linn. ?-V. Sudetica, Willd.-B., flowers all purple. V. amana, Sym.-7., leaves broadly ovate subcoriaceous, flowers deep yellow.

Mountainous pastures; frequent in Wales, the north of England and Scotland; . and B. often growing together. y. Isle of Arran, Mr S. Murray. A small yellow var. is found by Mr Tozer at the Land's End, Cornwall. Fl. May-Sept. 24.-The flowers are generally of a pale yellow or sulphur colour, much larger than those of V. tricolor: often the upper petals are purple, and in ß. all are purple. Sir J. E. Smith distinguishes V. lutea from the V. grandiflora, L. by the shortness of its spur; but M. Gay considers them identical. Distinct, however, as this is from V. tricolor, it is very difficult to define the characters in words.

38. RÍBES. Linn. Currant and Gooseberry.

1. R. rúbrum, L. (common or red Currant); without thorns, racemes mostly glabrous and pendulous, bracteas very small, flowers nearly plane, petals obtuse. E. Bot. t. 1289.—B. petræum; racemes slightly downy, erect in flower, in fruit pendulous. R. petræum, Wulf. in Jacq. Austr. v. i. t. 49 (bad). E. Bot. t. 705.-7. spicatum; racemes spicate erect in flower and in fruit. R. spicatum, Robs. in Linn. Tr. v. iii. p. 240. t. 21. E. Bot. t. 2290.

Alpine woods: by the Tees-side in England. In Islay, one of the Hebrides, and about Culross in Scotland: not unfrequent in hedges, but scarcely wild in such situations.-ß. North of England and Scotland,

-y. Woods near Richmond, Yorkshire. Fl. May. h.-Leaves 5-lobed, doubly serrated, on longish stalks. Flowers greenish. Fruit usually red; in gardens white and rose-coloured. Mr Ward finds specimens quite intermediate between R. rubrum and R. petræum; and I am satisfied that R. spicatum is only another var.

2. R. alpinum, L. (tasteless Mountain Currant); without thorns, racemes erect both in flower and fruit, flowers plane shorter than the bracteas, leaves shining beneath. E. Bot. t. 704. Woods, in the north of England. About Bradford and Ripon, Yorkshire. Woods, and fissures of rocks, in Scotland. Woods at Cadzow Castle, near Hamilton. Fl. May. h.-Leaves small, frequently 3lobed; lobes acute, deeply serrated. Racemes few-flowered: flowers small. Berries red.-Well distinguished by the length of its bracteas.

3. R. nigrum, L. (black Currant); without thorns, racemes lax downy pendulous with a separate simple flower-stalk at their base, flowers campanulate, leaves dotted with glands beneath. E. Bot. t. 1291.

Woods and river-sides, in various situations. Fl. May. h.-Berries the largest of our Currants, black, much esteemed medicinally and for making jelly. The glands of the leaves yield a peculiar smell when bruised, which has been compared to that of Savin, (Juniperus Sabini.)

4. R. * Grossulária, L. (common Gooseberry); thorny, leaves rounded and lobed, peduncles hairy single-flowered with a pair of minute bracteas, fruit more or less hairy. E. Bot. t. 1292.— R. Uva-crispa, L.-E. Bot. t. 2057.

Hedges and thickets. Apparently indigenous in Hamilton woods, Scotland. Fl. April, May. h.— Thorns immediately beneath a fascicle of leaves, solitary, or 2-3 combined at the base, spreading. Fruit much esteemed in cool and temperate climates, where alone it comes to perfection; and varying exceedingly by cultivation, in size, colour, and flavour.

39. HÉDERA. Linn. Ivy.

1. H. Hélix, L. (common Ivy); leaves ovate or cordate and 3-5 lobed, lobes angular, umbel erect. E. Bot. t. 1267.

Hedges, woods, old buildings, or rocks and trunks of trees, frequent. Fl. Oct. Nov. H.-Stems very long, creeping, throwing out numerous roots, by which they adhere to hard substances. Leaves very shining, dark green, often veined with whitish lines. Flowers small, pale green. Cal.-teeth very minute. Petals reflexed. Berries smooth and black. A variety called the Irish Ivy is much cultivated on account of the vastly larger size of its foliage, and its very rapid growth.

40. GLAUX. Linn. Sea-Milkwort.

1. G. marítima, L. (Sea-Milkwort, or black Saltwort). E. Bot.

t. 13.

Sea-shore and muddy salt-marshes, abundant. Fl. July. 4.-Stems 2-4 or 5 inches long, stout, branched, often procumbent. Leaves opposite, ovate, glabrous, fleshy, entire, sessile, small. Flowers sessile, solitary, axillary, rose-coloured, with 5 obtuse, spreading lobes.