48. ROTTBÓLLIA. Linn. Hard-grass.

1. R. incurváta, L. (sea Hard-grass); spike cylindraceo-subulate, cal. 2-valved, valves united at the base. E. Bot. 1.760.-Ophiurus, Beauv.—ß. spike filiform nearly erect. R. filiformis, Roth. Sea-shores; but not common. On the south-west and east of Scotland.-6. near Aberlady, Scotland. Near Dublin. Fl. July, Aug. O. Plant from 2-6 or 8 inches high, more or less curved, especially in the curious spike.—a. Inverkeithing, R. Andrew Robertson.

49. KNAPPIA. Sm. Knappia.

1. K. agrostidéa, Sm. (early Knappia). E. Bot. t. 1127. E. Fl. v. i. p. 84.-Agrostis minima, Linn. Mibora, Adans. Lindl. -Chamagrostis, Bork.-Sturmia, Hopp.

Sandy pastures by the sea, rare. Essex, near the mouth of the Thames; Wales, and S. W. coast of Anglesea, frequent. Fl. March, April. A beautiful and minute grass, of which only one species is known. Root fibrous. Stems several from the same root. Leaves short, linear, rough, equal in length with their white, inflated sheaths. Cal. of 2 dorsally compressed, truncated, purplish valves. Cor. of 2 white, delicate, very hairy, jagged valves, the outer one much the largest and embracing the inner. Mr Wilson finds no scale. Styles long, fili

form, hairy. Fruit beautifully dotted.

50. SPARTÍNA. Willd. Cord-grass.

1. S. stricta, Sm. (twin-spiked Cord-grass); spikes 2-3, flowers very hairy, larger cal.-valve acuminate, leaves shorter than the spikes tapering at the base articulated upon the sheath lower ones deciduous, rachis scarcely produced beyond the terminal florets of each partial spike. E. Fl. v. i. p. 135.—Dactylis stricta, E. Bot. t. 389.

Muddy salt-marshes on the east and south-east coasts of England. Fl. Aug. 4.-A remarkably stiff, rigid plant. Stems 6-8 inches, or a foot and more high. Culms concealed by the sheathing bases of the short pungent involute leaves.

2. S. alterniflóra, Loisel. (many-spiked Cord-grass); spikes numerous, flowers glabrous, larger cal.-valve with strong lateral nerves emarginate below the apex, leaves equal to or longer than the spikes dilated at the base continuous with the sheath, and all persistent, rachis much produced into a flexuose awn-like point. Bromf. in Comp. to Bot. Mag. v. ii. p. 254.-S. glabra, Muhl.-S. laevigata, Link.

Itchen Ferry, Southampton. Dr Bromfield. Fl. Aug. 24.-Much taller than the preceding. and a very distinct species, well characterized in the Memoir of Dr Bromfield.

51. CYNODON. Rich. Dog's-Tooth grass.

1. C. Dáctylon, Pers. (creeping Dog's-Tooth grass); spikes digitate 3-5, cor. glabrous subciliated longer than the cal. with a beardless bristle at the base of the interior valve. Br. -Panicum, L.-E. Bot. t. 850.

Rare: on the sandy shores of Cornwall, near Penzance. Fl. July, Aug. 24.

52. DIGITÁRIA. Scop. Finger-grass.

1. D. * sanguinális, Scop. (hairy Cock's-foot or Finger-grass); leaves and sheaths hairy, florets oblong glabrous their margins. scabrous.-Panicum, Linn.-E. Bot. t. 849.

Rare, in sandy cultivated fields: it formerly grew in Battersea fields, near London. Other habitats, given in the British Floras for this plant, belong, in Mr Borrer's opinion, to the next species. Fl. July, August.

From a span to a foot high, branched at the base, erect or ascending. Leaves and sheaths hairy, the latter with small tubercles from which the hairs spring. Spikes 3-5, digitated. Spikelets secund, 2 together, appressed to the flattened rachis. Cal., outer valves very small; inner nearly equal, plane, of which the ext. one is oblong, ribbed and downy or slightly scabrous at the margin, ribs glabrous.

2. D. * humifúsa, Pers. (glabrous Cock's-foot or Finger-grass); leaves and sheaths glabrous, florets ovate pubescent. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2613.—Syntherisma glabrum, Schrad. Germ. v. i. p. 163. t. 3. f. 6.

Rare: on loose sand at Weybridge, Sussex, Mr Borrer; who says that the Ipswich D. sanguinalis is this, and who thinks that the Norfolk and Suffolk stations, assigned to that plant in Engl. Fl. probably belong to the present. Fl. July, Aug. O.-Generally smaller and more depressed than the preceding, of a purpler hue. Leaves and sheaths quite glabrous. Spikes fewer, 2-4 in Mr Borrer's specimens. Florets more ovate and more convex, outer of the two larger calycine valves purple, downy, and ribbed. Richard in Pers. Syn. appears to have been the first who discriminated this as a species, and Schrader has admirably described it and figured the flower.

TRIANDRIA-TRIGYNIA.

53. MÓNTIA. Linn. Blinks.

1. M. fontána, L. (Water-Blinks or Chickweed). E. Bot. t. 1206. Rills, springy and wet places. Fl. June, July. O.-Whole plant succulent, varying considerably in size. Stem prostrate and rooting. Leaves small, opposite, spathulate. Peduncles nearly terminal, often forked. Flowers white, at first drooping. Stam. upon the corolla, short. Germen and capsule roundish. Seeds 3, subreniform, dotted.-The ß. major of Willd. and De Cand. (M. repens of Gmel. Fl. Bad.) is not uncommon in Scotland, and is found in Caernarvonshire.

54. HOLÓSTEUM. Linn. Jagged-Chickweed.

1. H. umbellátum, L. (umbelliferous Jagged-Chickweed); leaves elliptical ovate acute, flowers umbellate, peduncle pubescent viscid, pedicels reflexed after flowering at length erect. E. Bot. t. 27.-Cerastium, Huds. & Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. Ser. t. 13. Rare, on old walls about Norwich and Bury. Fl. April. O.-A singular and interesting plant, the original Holosteum of Linnæus.

55. POLYCARPON. Linn. All-seed.

1. P. tetraphyllum, L. (four-leaved All-seed); triandrous, petals notched, stem-leaves in fours, those of the branches opposite. E. Bot. t. 1031.

Southern coasts of England; particularly Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and Portland Island, Jersey and Guernsey. Fl. summer months. O.

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.

(4 Stamens, equal in height.)

ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

* Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, superior. Seed 1. 1. DíPSACUS. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double; ext. very minute, forming a thickened limb to the germen; int. cupshaped, entire. Receptacle chaffy, spinous. Fruit angular, with 8 pores or depressed points, crowned with the double cal. (Flowers densely capitate.)-Nat. Ord. DIPSACEÆ, Juss.— Named from draw, to be thirsty; the upper connate leaves containing water in their hollows.

2. KNáutia. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double: ext. minute; int. cup-shaped. Fruit upon a short stalk, compressed, with 4 pores or depressed points.-Nat. Ord. DIPSACEÆ, Juss. --Named in honour of Christopher Knaut, a Botanist of Saxony, who flourished in the latter half of the 17th century.

3. SCABIOSA. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double: ext. mostly membranaceous and plaited; int. with about 5 bristles. Fruit subcylindrical, crowned with the double cal. (Flowers densely capitate). Nat. Ord. DIPSACEE, Juss.-Named from Scabies, the leprosy, an infusion or decoction of some of the species having formerly been employed in curing cutaneous diseases.

** Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, superior. Seeds 2.1 (Leaves whorled.-Rubiaceæ.)

4. GÁLIUM. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Fruit a dry, 2-lobed, indehiscent pericarp, without any distinct margin to the calyx.Nat. Ord. RUBIACEE, Juss.-Named from yaλa, milk: the plant having been used to curdle milk.

5. RÚBIA. Cor. rotate or campanulate, 3-5-cleft. Fruit a 2-lobed berry. Nat. Ord. RUBIACEE, Juss.-Named from ruber, red, from the red dye afforded by its species, especially Rubia tinctorum, which produces the true Madder or Turkey-red

of commerce.

6. ASPÉRULA. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit without any dis

1 This little groupe belongs to the first division of the RUBIACEÆ of Juss., STELLATE, Linn. Lindl. In some of the Genera, especially Galium, the cal. forms so small a rim or margin to the germen as to be scarcely visible: the tubular part being incorporated with the germen.

tinct margin to the cal.-Nat. Ord. RUBIACEE, Juss.-Named from asper, rough, owing to the roughness of some species of the genus.

7. SHERÁRDIA. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit crowned with the cal.-Nat. Ord. RUBIACEE, Juss.-Named in honour of Jas Sherard, an English Botanist and Patron of that science, whose fine garden at Eltham in Kent gave rise to the famous "Hortus Elthamensis" of Dillenius.

*** Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, inferior. Seeds 2 or

many.

8. EXÁCUM. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft, salver-shaped, marcescent, the tube swelling. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma entire. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds attached to 2 sutural receptacles, which at length separate with the opening of the two-valved caps.-Nat. Ord. GENTIANEÆ, Juss.-Name, &, out, and ay, to conduct, anciently applied to the Erythræa Centaurium, a genus allied to this, and which was supposed to have the property of ejecting poison from the stomach.

9. PLANTÁGO. Cor. 4-cleft, the segments reflexed. Stam. very long. Caps. of 2 cells, 2- or many-seeded, bursting all round transversely.-Nat. Ord. PLANTAGINEæ, Juss.-Name of doubtful origin.-All the species are mucilaginous and astringent.

10. CENTÚNCULUS. Cor. tubular, 4-partite. Stam. short. Caps. of 1 cell, many-seeded, bursting all round transversely.Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEE, Vent.-Name, it appears, anciently given to the Pimpernel, a genus allied to this; and derived, according to Théis, from Cento, a covering, because it was a little weed that covered the cultivated fields.

(Some Gentiana. See CL. V. ORD. II.)

**** Perianth double. Cor. of 4 petals.

11. EPIMÉDIUM. Cal. of 4 leaves, caducous. Pet. inferior, with an inflated nectary on the upper side. Pod 1-celled, 2valved, many-seeded.-Nat. Ord. BERBERIDEE, Vent.-Name of obscure origin; applied by Dioscorides to some plant which grew plentifully in Media.

12. CÓRNUS. Cal. of 4 teeth. Petals without a nectary, superior. Nut of the drupe with 2 cells and 2 seeds.-Nat. Ord. CORNEE, DC.-Named from cornu, a horn; owing to the hard nature of the wood.

(See Euonymus in CL. V. Cardamine and Coronopus, in CL. XV.)

***** Perianth single.

13. PARIETÁRIA. Perianth 4-fid, inferior. Filaments of the stam, at first incurved, then expanding with elastic force. Fruit

1-seeded, enclosed by the enlarged perianth. (One or more of the central florets without stamens.)—Nat. Ord. URTICEÆ, Juss. -Named from paries, a wall, the species frequently growing on old walls.

14. ALCHEMILLA. Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, the 4 alternate and outer segments the smallest. Fruit 1- or 2-seeded, surrounded by the persistent perianth.-Nat. Ord. ROSACEAE, Juss. -Named from the Arabic àlkêmelyeh, alchemy, from its pretended alchemical virtues.

15. ISNÁRDIA. Cal. 4-cleft, superior. Petals 4, or wanting. Stigma capitate. Capsule obovate, 4-angular, 4-valved, 4-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the calyx.-Nat. Ord. ONAGRARIÆ. Juss.-Named after Antoine d'Isnard, a Botanist and Professor at Paris, in the beginning of the last century.-As the Genus is now defined here, and by De Candolle, it contains many species of Ludwigia.

16. SANGUISÓRBA. Perianth 4-lobed, superior, coloured, with 4 scales or bracteas at the base. Fruit 1 or 2-seeded, surrounded by the persistent base only of the perianth.-Nat. Ord. ROSACEA, Juss.-Named from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to take up or absorb; from the supposed vulnerary properties of the plant. ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

17. BUFFÓNIA. Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor. of 4 entire petals. Caps. flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded.-Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEE, Juss.-Name given by Sauvages in honour of the celebrated Buffon, "who had indeed very slender pretensions to botanical honour; a circumstance supposed to have been indicated by Linnæus in the specific name tenuifolia." (Sm.) (See Alchemilla in ORD. II. Some Gentiana and Cuscuta in CL. V.)

ORD. III. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Styles.

18. ILEX. Cal. 4-5-toothed. Cor. rotate, 4-5-cleft. Stigmas 4, sessile. Berry sphærical, including 4, 1-seeded nuts. (Some flowers destitute of pistil).-Nat. Ord. ILICINEE, Br. -Named from ac, sharp, in Celtic, according to Theis; but this is a very forced derivation.

19. POTAMOGÉTON. Flowers sessile upon a spike or spadix, which issues from a sheathing bractea or spatha. Perianth single, of 4 scales. Anthers sessile, opposite the scales of the perianth. Pistils 4, which become 4 small nuts; Embryo curved.-Nat. Ord. NAIADES, Juss.-Named from Toraμos, a river, and γειτων, a neighbour. All the species grow in the water, and often present as beautiful an appearance in clear streams and ponds, as the Fuci do in the ocean. They protect the spawn of fish, and harbour innumerable aquatic insects, their roots and seeds affording food to water-birds.-Chamisso and Schlechtendal have well illustrated this genus; see Linnæa, v. ii. p. 159.