this wall; the first, whether it included the fountains of Siloam and the Virgin, or ran above them; the second, whether the wall ran in front of the temple, thus forming a double defence, or joined it merely. With regard to the first, when we take into account the importance of these two fountains, and that they are connected by a channel cut with great labour through the rocky hill of Ophel, we can hardly conceive that they were excluded from the city. We find, in Nehemiah's account, allusions to a gate in this quarter, called the Gate of the Fountain, which could hardly have been above it; it is therefore most probable, that the wall was situated nearly as here figured. As to the second question, whether the wall ran in front of the temple, as supposed by Doctor Robinson, it may be said, that the natural steepness of the site, once greater than at present, taken in connexion with the stupendous masonry of the temple-wall, must have defied all injury from this quarter. There is no trace of the foundations of any such wall, and at the south-east corner, barely space for one mentions no gate in the temple-wall on this side, though I have introduced one on the site of the Golden Gate. See view of it.) It is also doubtful whether the wall did not run in front of the bridge, and not behind, as here represented, up to the west corner of the temple. From the bridge down to the Pool of Siloam, Dr. Robinson

to pass. Josephus

supposes another wall to have been erected, (as figured,) running along the edge of the Tyropeon, (though no such wall is mentioned by Josephus,) as it is stated, that after the Romans had reduced the rest of the city and the temple, they still had to take the upper city, which could not have been the case had it been open on this side. Such then, at this period, was the Hill of Zion, the ridges which are now covered with corn, being then the seat of the utmost magnificence. Besides the tower of Hippicus, Herod erected two others, on the old wall, (a little to the right of that tower in our view,) named after his deceased brother, Phasaelis, and his murdered wife, Mariamne. Josephus enlarges on the strength and beauty of these towers, and places within their shelter, on the summit of Zion, the splendid palace of Herod, with its gardens and fountains, its baths and porticoes, overlooking the whole city. Around it were probably grouped the principal palaces of the nobles, and an open place, called the Xystus, for public concourse, was in this neighbourhood. The hill communicated with the temple by a bridge, the remains of which still exist, as before stated; this is restored in the view.

The course of the second wall has been subjected to more controversy than any other point of the topography of the city. Josephus describes it as starting

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from a gate called Gennath, near the tower Hippicus: encompassing the northern quarter of the city, it swept round to Fort Antonia. As it is impossible to say exactly where this gate was situated, and if that could be determined, what was the course of the wall thence to the fort, two hypotheses have been maintained, the one including, the other excluding, the church of the Holy Sepulchre. The general direction of this wall is obvious enough in our view; it must have crossed the Tyropeon and the upper part of Acra.

The quarter of the city thus enclosed, communicated with the temple by flights of steps and causeways: it must have been the chief seat of business, as in the present day. Here were crowded together the narrow streets of the various craftsmen, among which the soldiers of Titus were entangled and repulsed. It was without this wall that Jesus was crucified, and there is a near approach to probability in the monkish tradition of the "Via Dolorosa," along which he is said to have been led to execution, so far as the direction is concerned.

The third, or outer wall, did not exist in the time of Christ; it was built by Agrippa, and had it been completed with the strength he designed, would have long protracted the fall of the city: it enclosed a populous suburb which had extended to the north. The course of this wall was from the tower of Hippicus to that of Psephinos on the extreme west, (in the

distance of our view,) a lofty bulwark, which commanded a view of the Jewish territory, from Arabia on the east to the sea, by which, however, it is uncertain whether the Mediterranean can be meant. The wall thence swept round eastward, and joined the old wall in the valley of the Kidron, i. e., as we suppose, the temple wall, or perhaps a wall of defence in front of its northern cloister. Having endeavoured to explain, as clearly as the case admits of, the general course of the walls, the temple and Fort Antonia next require notice.

We have expressed our belief that the foundations of the temple remain at this day. We state this by anticipation, as the fact can only be inferred from an examination of the spot, which is not our present object. Its general history, to the time of Herod, has also been traced. This monarch rebuilt it, with its surrounding cloisters, in a style of great splendour, as well, probably, as the bridge connecting it with Zion, which we have restored in the drawing. As this is the same temple in which Jesus taught, it is deeply interesting to obtain a general idea of its appearance. The area on which it stood is described, in general terms, as a square, surrounded by a wall and cloister. In the centre of this vast enclosure (the court of the Gentiles, from which Christ expelled the traders,) was a second court, also surrounded by a wall: to this there was an ascent by a flight of steps. Within this court

was the noble temple itself, with its porticoes, its golden front reflecting back "a fiery splendour when the sun rose above the mountains of Arabia." Of this, in our view, we give a general idea, referring the reader to the Appendix for the details. Of the gates, cloisters, and splendid external decorations of the building, we are deterred from offering any detailed illustration, both from the difficulty of the subject, as well as from the suspected exaggeration of the historian. The architecture of this temple was probably Greek or Roman, fancifully applied, and not, as that of Solomon, of a Tyrio-Egyptian character.

Southward of the temple is seen in the view the quarter called Ophel, which communicated with it by a gateway, perhaps the same still existing, (see description of mosque.) It extended towards the Pool of Siloam, where, just below the east gate, (seen in our view,) were the Gardens of Solomon, the "king's gardens," mentioned by Nehemiah.

The tower of Antonia is placed by Josephus at the north-west corner of the temple area. It is described as a strong fort, on a rock, (exactly answering the present site of the governor's house.) It was strong and extensive, communicating with the outer court of the temple, and it was divided by a deep trench from the suburb of Bezetha on the north, which is still presumed to exist.

Such was the city-grand, stern, and impregnable in