der

B.C. 407.

calling up fresh courage for the conflict, which they

saw required an able commander and a powerful armaLysan- ment, sent out Lysander to be admiral of the seas. admiral, Coming to Ephesus, and finding the city well affected towards him and favourable to the Lacedæmonian party, but in ill condition, and in danger to become barbarised by adopting the manners of the Persians, who were much mingled among them, the country of Lydia being all about them, and the king's generals spending much of their time there, he made the place his headquarters, and commanded the merchant ships all about to put in thither, and proceeded to build ships of war there; and thus restored their ports by the traffic he created, and their market by the employment he gave, and filled their private houses and their workshops with wealth. So that from that time first the city began, by Lysander's means, to show a likelihood of growing to that stateliness and grandeur which now it enjoys.

4

On hearing that Cyrus the king's son was come to Sardis, he went up to speak with him, and to accuse Tissaphernes, who, receiving a command to help the Lacedæmonians and to drive the Athenians from the sea, was considered on account of Alcibiades to have become remiss and unwilling, and by paying the seamen slenderly to be ruining the fleet. Now Cyrus was willing that Tissaphernes might be found in blame and be ill-reported of, as being indeed a dishonest man, and also privately at feud with himself. By these means, and by their daily intercourse together, Lysander, especially by the submissiveness of his conversation, won the affections of the young prince, and greatly roused him to carry on the war; and when he would

depart, Cyrus gave him a banquet, and desired him not to refuse his good-will, but to speak and ask whatever he had a mind to, and that he should not be refused anything whatsoever: "Since you are so kind," replied Lysander, "I earnestly request you to add one penny to the seaman's pay, that instead of three pence, they may now receive four pence."* Cyrus, delighted with his public spirit, gave him ten thousand darics,

out of which he added the penny to the seamen's pay, and by the renown of this in a short time emptied the ships of the enemy, as many came over to that side which gave the most pay, and those who re

*The obolus may be called the Greek penny, though in actual value it was worth three halfpence; exactly like the Swiss batz. It was the subdivision of the common silver piece, six to the drachma.

Battle

tium.

5

mained, being disheartened and mutinous, gave daily trouble to the captains. Yet for all Lysander had so distracted and weakened his enemies, he was afraid to engage by sea, Alcibiades being an energetic commander and having the superior number of ships,—and having been hitherto, in all battles, undefeated both by sea and land.

But when Alcibiades had sailed from Samos to Phoof No- cæa, leaving Antiochus, his pilot, in command of the fleet, this Antiochus, out of vainglory, and to insult Lysander, sailed with two galleys into the port of the Ephesians, and with mocking and laughter proudly rowed along before the place where the ships lay drawn up. Lysander, in indignation, launched at first a few ships only and pursued him; but as soon as he saw the Athenians come to his help, he added some other ships, and at last they fell to a set battle together; and Lysander won the victory, and taking fifteen of their ships, erected a trophy. Upon this the Athenian people at home, being angry, put Alcibiades out of the command, and he finding himself despised by the soldiers in Samos and ill spoken of, sailed away from the army to the Chersonese. And this battle, although not important in itself, was made remarkable by its consequences to Alcibiades. Lysander, meanwhile, inviting to Ephesus such persons in the various towns as he saw to be bolder and haughtier-spirited than their fellow-citizens, proceeded to lay the foundations of that arbitrary government by bodies of ten-and of those revolutions, which afterwards came to pass, stirring up and urging them to unite in clubs, and apply themselves to public affairs, since as soon as ever the Athe

nians should be put down, the popular governments, he said, should be suppressed, and they should become supreme in their several cities. And he gave them evidence of these things by present deeds, promoting already those who were his friends to great employments, honours, and offices, and, to gratify their cupidity, making himself a partner in acts of injustice and wickedness. So much so, that all flocked to him, and courted and desired him, hoping, if he remained in power, that the highest wishes they could form would all be gratified. And therefore, from the very beginning, they could not look pleasantly upon Callicratidas, Calliwhen he came to succeed Lysander as admiral; nor sucafterwards, when he had given them experience that he Lysanwas the most noble and just of men, were they pleased B.C. 406. with the manner of his government, and its straightforward, Dorian, honest character. They did indeed admire his virtue, as they might the beauty of some hero's image; but their wishes were for Lysander's zealous and profitable support of the interests of his friends and partisans, and they shed tears, and were much disheartened when he sailed from them.

cratidas

ceeds

der,

He himself also helped to make them yet more dis- 6 affected to Callicratidas; and what remained of the money which had been given him by Cyrus to pay the navy, he sent back again to Sardis, saying that Callicratidas if he liked might go and ask for it himself, and take his own course to maintain the soldiers. And at the last, on sailing away, he declared to him that he delivered up the fleet in full possession of the sea. But Callicratidas, to expose the emptiness of these high pretensions, said, "In that case, take Samos on the left,

and sail round to Miletus, and there deliver up the ships to me; for if we are masters of the sea, we need not fear sailing by our enemies in Samos."* To which Lysander answering, that not himself, but he, commanded the ships, sailed to Peloponnesus, leaving Callicratidas in great perplexity. For neither had he brought any money from home with him, nor could he endure to tax the towns or force them, they being already in hardship enough. Therefore the only course that was to be taken was to go and beg at the doors of the king's commanders, as Lysander had done. For which he was most unfit of any man, being of a generous and great spirit, and one who thought it more becoming for the Greeks to suffer any damage from one another, than to flatter and wait at the gates of barbarians, who indeed had gold enough, but nothing else that was commendable. But being compelled by necessity, he proceeded to Lydia, and went at once to Cyrus's house, and sent in word, that Callicratidas, the admiral, was there to speak with him. One of those who kept the gates replied, "Cyrus, O stranger, is not now at leisure, for he is drinking." To which Callicratidas answered, most innocently, "Very well; I will wait here till he has done his draught." This time therefore they took him for some clownish fellow, and he withdrew, merely laughed at by the barbarians; but when afterwards he came a second time to the gate, and was not admitted, he took it hardly, and set off for Ephesus, wishing a great many evils to those who first let themselves be trifled with by these bar..

* Sail south from Ephesus to Miletus, coasting round Samos, which was between them, and which was the Athenian station.