That Pompey should get the command of the war against the pirates, with extraordinary powers, (cum imperio extraordinario), Cic. pro leg. Manil. 17. Dio, xxxvi. 7. That the senate should attend to the hearing of embassies the whole month of February, Cic. ad. Quinct. Fr. ii. 2. 13. That the people should give their votes by ballots, and not viva voce as formerly, in creating magistrates. (See p. 92.) That the people of the provinces should not be allowed to borrow money at Rome from one person to pay another, (versuram facere), Cic. Att. v. 31. vi. 2.

There is another Gabinian law, mentioned by Porcius Latro in his declamation against Catiline, which made it capital to hold clandestine assemblies in the city, c. 19. But this author is thought to be supposititions. See Cortius on Sallust.

It is certain, however, that the Romans were always care. ful to prevent the meetings of any large bodies of men, (hetaria), which they thought might be converted to the purposes of sedition, Plin. Ep. x. 43.94. On this account, Pliny informs Trajan, that according to his directions he had prohibited the assemblies of Christians, Id. 97. 76.

Lex GELLIA CORNELIA, A. 681, confirming the right of citizens to those to whom Pompey, with the advice of his council, (de consilii sententia), had granted it, Cic. pro Balb. 8. 14.

Lex GENUCIA, A. 411, That both consuls might be chosen from the plebeians, Liv. vii. 42. That usury should be prohibited: That no one should enjoy the same office within ten years, nor be invested with two offices in one year, Ibid.

Lex GENUCIA ÆMILIA, A. 390, about fixing a nail in the right side of the temple of Jupiter, Liv. vii. 3.

Lex GLAUCIA, A. 653, granting the right of judging to the Equites, Cic. de clar. Orator. 62.-De repetundis. See LEX SERVILIA.

Lex GLICIA, de inofficioso testamento. See p. 59.

Lex HIERONICA, vel frumentaria, Cic. Verr. ii, 13. containing the conditions on which the public lands of the Roman people in Sicily were possessed by the husbandmen. It had been prescribed by Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, to his tenants, (us qui agros regis colerent), and was retained by the Prætor Rupilius, with the advice of his council, among the laws which he gave to the Sicilians; when that country was redu ced into the form of a province, Cic. Verr. iii. 8. 10. It re

sembled

sembled the regulations of the censors, (LEGES CENSORIA), in their leases and bargains, (in locationibus et pactionibus), and settled the manner of collecting and ascertaining the quantity of the tithes, Cic. Verr. v. 28.

Lex HIRTIA, A. 704, That the adherents of Pompey, (Pompeiani) should be excluded from preferments, Cic. Phil.

xiii. 16.

Lex HORATIA, about rewarding Caia Tarratia, a vestal virgin, because she had given in a present to the Roman people the Campus Tiburtinus, or Martius: That she should be admitted to give evidence (testabilis esset), be discharged from her priesthood (exaugurari posset), and might marry if she chose, Gell. vi. 7.

Lex HORTENSIA, That the nundina or market-days, which used to be held as feria or holidays, should be fasta or court days: That the country people, who came to town for market, might then get their law-suits determined, (lites com. ponerent), Macrob. Sat. i. 16.

Lex HORTENSIA, de plebiscitis. See p. 21, 98, 181. Lex HOSTILIA, de furtis, about theft, is mentioned only by Justinian, Instit. iv. 10.

Lex ICILIA, de tribunis, A. 261, That no one should contradict or interrupt a tribune (interfari tribuno) while speaking to the people, Dionys. vii. 17.

Another, A. 267, de Aventino publicando, That the Aventine hill should be common for the people to build upon, Id. x. 32. Liv. iii. 13. It was a condition in the creation of the decemviri, that this law, and those relating to the tribunes, (LEGES SACRATÆ), should not be abrogated, Liv. iii. 32.

Lex JULIA, de civitate sociis ei Latinis dandâ; the author L. Julius Cæsar, A. 663, That the freedom of the city should be given to the Latins and all the Italian allies who chose to accept of it, (qui ei legi fundi fieri vellent), Cic. pro. Balb. 8. Gell. iv. 4. See p. 43. 67.

Leges JULIE, laws made by Julius Cæsar and Augus

tus:

1 By C. Julius Cæsar, in his first consulship, A. 694, and afterwards when dictator:

Lex JULIA AGRARIA, for distributing the lands of Campania and Stella, to 20,000 poor citizens, who had each three children or more, Cic. pro planc. 5. Att. ii. 16, 18, 19. Vell. ii. 44. Dio, xxxviii, 1, & 7.

When

When Bibulus, Cæsar's colleague in the consulate, gave his negative to this law, he was driven from the Forum by force. And next day having complained in the senate, but not being supported, he was so discouraged, that during his continuance in office for eight months, he shut himself up at home, without doing any thing, but interposing by his edicts, (ut, quoad potestate abiret, domo abditus nihil aliud quam per edicta obnuntaret), Suet. Jul. 20. Dio, xxxviii. 6. by which means, while he wished to raise odium against his colleague, he encreased his power, Vell. ii. 44. Metellus Celer, Cato, and his great admirer (amulator) M. Favonius, at first refused to swear to this law; but constrained by the severity of the punishment annexed to it, which Appian says was capital, de Bell. Civil. ii. 434. they at last complied, Dio, xxxviii. 7, Plutarch. in Cato Minor. This custom of obliging all citizens, particularly senators, within a limited time, to signify their approbation of a law by swearing to support it, at first introduced in the time of Marius, (See Leges Appuleia), was now observed with respect to every ordinance of the people, however violent and absurd, Dio, xxxviii. 7. Cic. Sext. 28.

de PUBLICANIS tertiâ parte pecuniæ delita relevandis, about remitting to the farmers-gencral a third part of what they had stipulated to pay, Suet. ibid. Cic. pro Planc. 14. Dio, ibid. Appian. B. Civ. ii. 435. See p. 24. When Cato opposed this law with his usual firmness, Cæsar ordered him to be hurried away to prison; but fearing lest such violence should raise odium against him, he desired one of the tribunes to interpose and free him, Plutarch. in Cas.

66

Dio says that this happened when Cato opposed the former Jaw in the senate, xxxviii. 3. So Suet. Cæs. 20. Gell. iv. 10. When many of the senators followed Cato, one of them, namcd M. Petreius, being reproved by Cæsar for going away before the house was dismissed, replied, I had rather be with Cato "in prison, then here with Cæsar," ibid. See p. 15. For the ratification of all Pompey's acts in Asia, This law was chiefly opposed by Lucullus; but Cæsar so frightened him with threatening to bring him to an accouut for his conduct in Asia, that he promised compliance on his knees, Suet. ibid.

-

de PROVINCIIS ORDINANDIS; an improvement on the Cornelian law about the provinces; ordaining that those who had been prætors should not command a province above one year, and those who had been consuls, not above two years,

Cic. Phil. 1. 8. Dio, xliii. 25. 8. Dio, xliii. 25.

Also ordaining that Achaia, Thessaly, Athens, and all Greece should be free and use their own laws, Cic. in Pis. 16.

de SACERDOTIIS restoring the Domitian law, and permitting persons to be elected priests in their absence, Cic. ad Brut. 5.

JUDICIARIA, ordering the judices to be chosen only from the senators and equites, and not from the tribuni ærarii, Suet. Jul. 41. Cic. Phil. i. 9.

de REPETUNDIS, very severe (acerrima) against extortion. It is said to have contained above 100 heads, Cic. Fam. viii. 7. in Pis. 15, 21, 37. Sext. 64. pro Rabir. Posth. 4. Vatin. 12. ad Attic. v. 10, 16. Suet. Jul. 43.

de LEGATIONIBUS LIBERIS, limiting their duration to five years, (see p. 21.) Cic. Alt. xv. 11. They were called libera, quòd, cùm velis, introire, exire liceat, ibid.

de VI PUBLICA ET PRIVATA, ET DE MAJESTATE,

Cic. Phil. i. 8, 9.

de PECUNIIS MUTUIS, about borrowed money. p. 46. Dio, xli. 37. xlii. 51. Cæs. B. C. iii.1, 20, 42.

See

de MODO PECUNIE POSSIDENDE, that no one should keep by him in specie above a certain sum, (LX sestertia), Dio, xli. 38. Tacit. Annal. vi. 16.

About the population of Italy, That no Roman citizen should remain abroad above three years, unless in the army, or on public business; that at least a third of those employed in pasturage should be free-born citizens: Also about encreasing the punishment of crimes, dissolving all corporations or socities, except the antient ones, granting the freedom of the city to physicians, and professors of the liberal arts, &c. Suet, 42.

de RESIDUIS, about bringing those to account who retained any part of the public money in their hands, Marcian. 1. 4.8. ad leg. Ful.

de LIBERIS PROSCRIPTORUM, That the children of those proscribed by Sylla should be admitted to enjoy preferments, Suet. Jul. 41. which Cicero, when consul, had opposed, Cic. in Pis. 2.

SUMPTUARIA, Suet. Jul. 42. Cic. ad Att. xiii. 7. Fam. vii. 26. ix. 15. It allowed 200 HS. on the dies profesti: 300 on the calends, nones, ides, and some other festivals; 1000 at marriage-feasts, (nuptiis et repotiis), and such extraordinary entertainments. Gellius ascribes this law to Augustus,

ii.

ii. 24. but it seems to have been enacted by both, Dio, liv. 2. By an edict of Augustus or Tiberius, the allowance for an entertainment was raised, in proportion to its solemnity, from 300 to 2000 HS. Gell. ibid.

- de veneficus, about poisoning, Suet. Ner. 33.

2. The Leges JULIE made by Augustus were chiefly; Concerning marriage, (de maritandis ordinibus, Suet. Aug. 34. hence called by Horace LEX MARITA, Carm. secul. v. 68.) Liv. Epit. 59, Suet. 89.

de ADELTERIIS, et de pudicitia, Plin. Ep. vi. 31.-de ambitu, Suet. 34. against forestalling the market, (nequis contra annonam fecerit, societatemve coierit, quò annona carior fiat, Ulpian.)

de TUTORIBUS, That guardians should be appointed for orphans in the provinces, as at Rome, by the Atilian law, Justin. Inst. de Atil. tut.

Lex JULIA THEATRALIS, That those equites, whom themselves, their fathers, or grandfathers, had the fortune of an eques, should sit in the fourteen rows assigned by the Roscian law to that order, Suet. Aug. 40. Plin. xxxiii. 2. s. 8.

There are several other laws called Leges Julia, which occur only in the Corpus Juris.

Julius Cæsar proposed revising all the laws, and reducing them to a certain form. But this, with many other noble designs of that wonderful man, was prevented by his death, Suet. Jul. 44.

Lex JUNIA, by M. Junius Pennus a tribune, A. 627, about expelling foreigners from the city. See p. 75. Against extortion, ordaining, that besides the litis æstimatio, or paying an estimate of the damages, the person convicted of this crime should suffer banishment, Paterc. ii. 8. Cic. pro Balb. 11.

Another, by M. Junius Silanus the consul, A. 644. about diminishing the number of campaigns which soldiers should serve, Ascon. in Cic. pro Cornel.

Lex JUNIA LICINIA, or Junia et Licinia, A. 691. enforcing the Didian law by severer penalties, Cic. Phil. v. 3. pro Sext. 64. Vatin. 14. Att. iv. 16. ii. 9.

Lex JUNIA NORBANA, A. 771, concerning the manumission of slaves. See p. 41.

Lex LABIENA, A. 691, abrogating the law of Sylla, and restoring the Domitian law in the election of priests; which paved the way for Cæsar's being created Pontifex Maximus, Dio, xxxvii. 37. By this law, two of the college, named the

candidates,