The Romans under the emperors began to use a kind of peruke or periwig, to cover or supply the want of hair, called CAPILLAMENTUM, Suet. Cal. 11. or GALERUS, Juvenal. vi. 120. or GALERICULUM, Suet. Oth. 12. The false hair (crines ficti, vel suppositi) seems to have been fixed on a skin, Martial. xiv. 50. This contrivance does not appear to have been known in the time of Julius Cæsar, Suet. Jul. 45. at least not used by men; for it was used by women, Ovid. Amer. i. 14. 45.

In great families there were slaves for dressing the hair and for shaving. (TONSORES), Ovid. Met. xi. 182. Martial. vi. 52. and for cutting the nails, Plaut. Aul. ii. 4. 33, Tibull. i. 8. 11. Val. Max. iii. 2. 15. sometimes female slaves did this, (TONSTRICES), Cic. Tusc. v. 20. Plaut. Truc. iv. 3. 59.

There were for poorer people public barbers' shops or shades (TONSTRINE), much frequented, Ter. Phorm. i. 2. 39. Horat. Ep. i. 7. 50. where females also used to offi ciate, Martial. ii. 17.

Slaves were dressed nearly in the same manner with the poor people, (See page 418.) in clothes of a darkish colour, (pullati), and slippers, (crepidati); hence vestis servilis, Cic. Pis. 38, Servilis habitus, Tacit, Hist. iv. 36.

Slaves in white are mentioned with disapprobation, Plaut. Casin. ii. sc. ult. Suet. Dom. 12. They wore either a strait tunic called EXOMIS or DIPHTHERA, Gell. vii. 12. Hesych. 16, or a coarse frock (lacerne et cucullus), Horat. Sat. ii. 7. 54. Juvenal. iii. 170. Martial. x. 76.

It was once proposed in the senate, that slaves should be distinguished from citizens by their dress; but it appeared dangerous to discover their number, Senec. de clem. i. 24. Epist. 18.

Slaves wore their beard and hair long. When manumitted they shaved their head and put on a cap, (pileus), Juvenal. v. 171. Plaut. Amphit. i. 1. 306. See p. 41.

In like manner, those who had escaped from shipwreck shaved their head, Plaut. Rud. v. 2. 16. Juvenal. xii. 81. Lucian. in Ermotim. In calm weather mariners neither cut their hair nor nails, Petron. 104. So those accused of a capital crime, when acquitted, cut their hair and shaved, and went to the Capitol to return thanks to Jupiter, Martial. ii. 74. Plin. Ep. 7. 27.

The ancients regarded so much the cutting of the hair, that they believed no one died,tillProserpina,either in person or by

the

the ministration of Atropos, cut off a hair from the head, which was considered as a kind of first fruits of consecration to Pluto, Virg. Æn. iv. 698. Hor. Od. i. 28. 20.

II. ROMAN ENTERTAINMENTS, EXER-
CISES, BATHS, PRIVATE GAMES, &c.

THE principal meal of the Romans was what they called CENA, supper; supposed by some to have been anciently their only one, Isidor. xx. 2.

The usual time for the cana was the ninth hour, or three o'clock afternoon in summer, Cic. Fam. ix. 26. Martial. iv. 8. 6. and the tenth hour in winter, Auct. ad Herenn, iv. 51. Plin. Ep. iii. 1. It was esteemed luxurious to sup more early, Juvenal, i. 49. Plin. Pan. 49.

An entertainment began before the usual time, and prolonged till late at night, was called CONVIVIUM INTEMPESTIVUM; if prolonged till near morning, CONA ANTELUCANA, Cic. Cat. ii. 10. Cic. Arch. 6, Mur. 6. Verr. iii. 25. Sen. 14. Att. ix. 1. Senec. de irâ, ii. 28. Suet. Call. 45. Such as feasted in this manner, were said epulari vel vivere DE DIE, Liv. xxv. 23. Cat. 47. 6. Suet. Ner. 27. Curt. v. 22. and IN DIEM vivere, when they had no thought of futurity, Cic. Phil. ii. 34. Tusc. v. 11. Orat. ii. 40. Pun. Ep. v. 5. a thing which was subject to the animadversion of the censors.

About mid-day the Romans took another meal called PRANDIUM, dinner, which anciently used to be called CŒNA, (xon, i. e.cibus communis, a pluribus sumptus, Plutarch. Sympos. viii. 6. Isid. xx. 2. quò Phinus alludere videtur, Ep. ii. 6.) because taken in company, and food taken in the evening, (cibus vespertinus), VESPERNA; Festus in CENA. But when the Romans, upon the increase of riches, began to devote longer time to the cana or common meal, that it might not interfere with business, it was deferred till the evening; and food taken at mid-day was called PRANDIUM.

At the hour of dinner the people used to be dismissed from the spectacles, Suet. Claud. 34. Cal. 56. 58.; which custom first began A. U. 693. Dio, xxxvii, 46.

FF

They

They took only a little light food (cibum levem et facilem sumebant, v. gustabant), Plin. Ep. iii. 4. for dinner, without any formal preparation, Cels. i. 3. Horat. Sat. i. 6. 127. ii. 4. 22. Senec. Epist. 84. Martial. xiii. 30. but not always so, Plaut. Pan. iii. 5. 14. Cic. Verr. i. 19. Horat. Sat. ii. 3. 245. Suet. Claud. 33. Domit. 21.

Sometimes the emperors gave public dinners to the whole Roman people, Suet. Jul. 38. Tib. 20.

A dinner was called PRANDIUM CANINUM vel abstemium, at which no wine was drunk, (quod canis vino caret), Gell. xiii. 29.

In the army, food taken at any time was called PRANDIUM, Liv. xxviii. 14. and the army after it, PRANSUS PARATUS, Gell. xv. 12.

Besides the prandium and cana, it became customary to take in the morning a breakfast, (JENTACULUM), Plaut. Curc. i. 1. 72. Suet. Vitel. 13. Martial. xiii. 31. xiv. 223. and something delicious after supper to eat with their drink, called COMISSATIO, Suet. Vitell. 13. Domit. 21. They used sometimes to sup in one place, and take this after-repast in another, Ibid. Liv. xl. 7. g. Plaut. Most. i. 4. 5.

As the entertaiment after supper was often continued till late at night, Suet. Tit. hence COMISSARI, to feast luxuriously, to revel, to riot, (opače a noun, vicus, Festus, vel patius a Kwuos, Comus, the god of nocturnal merriment and feasting among the Greeks), Hor. Od. iv. 1. g. Quinct. xi. 3. 57. COMISSATIO, a feast of that kind, revelling or rioting after supper, Cic. Cat. ii. 5. Mur. 6. Cal. 15. Martial. xii. 48. 11. COMISSATOR, a person who indulged in such feasting, a companion or associate in feasting and revelling, Ter. Adelph. v. 2. 8. Liv. xl. 7. Martial. iv. 5. 3. ix. 62. 15. Petron. 65. Gell. iv. 14. Hence Cicero calls the favourers of the conspiracy of Catiline, after it was suppressed, CoMISSATORES CONJURATIONIS, Att. i. 16.

Some took food betwixt dinner and supper, called MERENDA, (quia vulgò dabatur iis, qui ære merebant, i. e. mercenaris, antequam labore mitteruntur; a domino seu conductore), Plaut. Most. iv. 2. 50. or ANTECNA, vel ium, Isidor, xx. 22.

The ancient Romans lived on the simplest fare, chiefly on pottage, (puls), or bread and pot-herbs (hence every thing eaten with bread or besides bread, was afterwards called PULMENTUM or PULMENTARIUM,(vov, opsonium, called in Scotland, Kitchen), Plin. xviii. 8. Varro de Lat. Ling.

iv. 22. Horat. Sat. ii. 2. 20. Ep. i. 18. 48. Senec. Ep. 87. Phadr. iii. 7. 23. Juvenal. vii. 185. xiv. 171. Uncta pulmentaria, i. e. lauta et delicata fercula, nice delicate dishes, Pers. iii. 102.) Their chief magistrates, and most illustrious generals, when out of office, cultivated the ground with their own hands, sat down at the same board, and partook of the same food with their servants; as Cato the Censor, Plutarch. They sometimes even dressed their dinner themselves, as CURIUS, Plin. xix. 5. s. 26. Juvenal. xi. 79. or had it brought them to the field by their wives. Martial. iv. 64.

But when riches were introduced by the extension of conquest, the manners of the people were changed, luxury seized all ranks, Savior armis luxuria incubuit, victumque ulciscitur orbem, Juvenal. vi. 291. The pleasures of the table became the chief object of attention. Every thing was ransacked to gratify the appetite, (vescendi causâ terrâ marique omnia exquirere, &c. Sall. Cat. 13. Gustus, i. e. dapes deli catas, dainties, elementa per omnia quærunt, Juvenal. xi. 14.)

The Romans at first sat at meals, Ovid. Fast. vi. 305. Serv. in Virg. Æn. vii. 176. as did also the Greeks. Homer's heroes sat on separate seats (@povo, solia,) around the wall, with a small table before each, on which the meat and drink were set, Odyss. i. iii. &c. vii, & viii. So the Germans, Tacit, 22. and Spaniards, Strab. ii. p. 155.

The custom of reclining (accumbendi) on couches, (LECTI vel TORI,) was introduced from the nations of the east; at first adopted only by the men, Val. Max. ii. 1. 2. but afterIt was used in Africa in wards allowed also to the women. the time of Scipio Africanus the elder, Liv. xxviii. 28.

The images of the gods used to be placed in this posture in a Lectistermum; that of Jupiter reclining on a couch, and those of Juno and Minerva erect on seats, Val. Max. ii. 1. 2.

Boys and young men below seventeen, sat at the foot of the couch of their parents or friends, (in imo lecto vel subsellio, vel ad lecti fulcra assidebant), Suet. Aug. 64. at a more frugal table, (propria et parciore mensâ), Tacit. Ann. xiii. 16. sometimes also girls, Suet. Claud. 32. and persons of low rank, Plaut. Stich. iii. 2. 32. v. 4. 21. Donat. in Vit. Terent.

The custom of reclining took place only at supper. There was no formality at other meals. Persons took them alone or in company, either standing or sitting, Suet. Aug. 78.

The place where they supped was anciently called CŒNACULUM, in the higher part of the house, Parro de Lat.

Ling.

Ling. iv. 33. whence the whole upper part, or highest story of a house was called by that name, Liv. xxxix. 40. Suet. Vit. 7. afterwards CŒENATIO, Suet. Ner. 31. Juvenal. vii. 183. or TRICLINIUM, C. Att. 52. Suet. Caes. 43. Tib. 72. because three couches (Tpis xva, tres lecti, triclinares vel discubitori) were spread (sternebantur) around the table, on which the guests might recline, Serv. in Virg. Æn. i. 698.

On each couch there were commonly three. They lay with the upper part of the body reclined on the left arm, the head a little raised, the back supported by cushions, (pulvini, v. -ilh), and the limbs stretched out at full length, or a little bent; the feet of the first behind the back of the second, and his feet behind the back of the third, with a pillow between each. The head of the second was opposite to the breast of the first, so that, if he wanted to speak to him, especially if the thing was to be secret, he was obliged to lean upon his bosom, (in sinu recumbere, Plin. Ep. iv. 22.) thus, John, xiii. 23. In conversation, those who spoke raised themselves, almost upright, supported by cushions. When they ate, they raised themselves on their elbow, Horat. Od. i. 27. 8. Sat. 4. ii. 39. and made use of the right hand, sometimes of both hands; for we do not read of their using either knives or forks: hence Manus uncta, Hor. Ep. i. 16. 23.

He who reclined at the top, (ad caput lecti), was called SUMMUS vel primus, the highest; at the foot, IMUS vel ultimus, the lowest; between them, MEDIUS, which was esteemed the most honourable place, Virg.ib.Horat.Sat.ii.8.20.

If a consul was present at a feast, his place was the lowest on the middle couch, which was hence called LOCUS CONSULARIS, because there he could most conveniently receive any messages that were sent to him, Plutarch. Sympos. ii. 3. The master of the feast reclined at the top of the lowest couch, next to the consul.

Sometimes in one couch there were only two, sometimes four, Horat. Sat. i. 4. 86. It was reckoned sordid to have more, Cic. Pis. 27.

Sometimes there were only two couches in a room; hence called BICLINIUM, Quinctil. i. 5. Plaut. Bacch. iv. 4. 69. & 102.

The number of couches depended on that of the guests, which Varro said ought not to be below the number of the Graces, nor above that of the Muses, Gell. xiii. 11. the time of Plautus, the number of those who reclined on

So in

couches